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HIST 151 “And the War Came” Essay 10 President Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural Address “On the occasion [of my first inaugural address] four years ago all thoughts were anxiously directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded it, all sought to avert it. While the inaugural address was being delivered from this place, devoted altogether to saving the Union without war, urgent agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without war—seeking to dissolve the Union and divide effects by negotiation. . . One-eighth of the whole population were colored slaves, not distributed generally over the Union, but localized in the southern part of it. These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was somehow the cause of the war. To strengthen, perpetuate, and extend this interest was the object for which the insurgents would rend the Union even by war, while the Government claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement of it. . . Both parties deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war came.” March 4, 1865 “And the War Came” What kind of war was the American “Civil War”? 1. The “War of the Rebellion” (Great Rebellion) 2. The “War of Northern Aggression” 3. The “War between the States” 4. The “War for Southern Independence” 5. The “Civil War” 6. The “Second American Revolutionary War” 7. The “War in Defense of Virginia” 8. “Mr. Lincoln's War” 9. The “War of Secession “ 10. The “War of the Insurrection” 11. The “Slaveholders War” 12. The “War to Save the Union” “And the War Came” I. Preparing for War Lincoln and Secession 1. Union Perpetual 2. Secession Impossible 3. Southern states under the control of rebellious traitors Problems with Secession 1. National Debt 2. Navigation of the Nation’s Waterways 3. Federal Territories 4. Business Relationships & Commerce “And the War Came” Lincoln’s Cabinet 1. Secretary of State William H. __________ 2. Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. __________ “And the War Came” 3. Secretary of War Simon Cameron & Edwin M. __________ “And the War Came” 4. Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles 5. Chief of the Army General Winfield Scott _____________ Plan “And the War Came” Jefferson Davis’s Cabinet 1. Vice President Alexander H. ___________ 2. Secretary of State Robert A. Toombs “And the War Came” 3. Attorney General Judah ____________ 4. Secretary of the Navy Stephen Mallory “And the War Came” 5. Secretary of War Leroy Pope Walker 6. Leader of the Confederate Congress – Howell _________ “And the War Came” Border States 1. Crittenden-Johnson Resolution War was “to defend and maintain the supremacy of the Constitution and to preserve the ________.” ← Senators John J. Crittenden & Andrew Johnson “And the War Came” 2. Lincoln and Civil Liberties _____________ and Missouri 3. Slavery “And the War Came” 4. Lincoln and the Constitution Creation of _________ Virginia – secession from Virginia Article IV; Section 3 New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. “And the War Came” If a state could not secede and its legal legislature was simply in rebellion, how could Lincoln recognize a shadow legislature’s act to establish the state of West Virginia? If Lincoln recognized the act of the shadow legislature, would that not give credibility to the idea that the Richmond legislature ceased to exist, thus placing the state out of the Union? “And the War Came” Northern and Southern Advantages and Disadvantages 1. Union and Confederate Leadership ← Jefferson _________ Abraham Lincoln “And the War Came” The South, Cotton and the World 1. South’s belief that the world could not do without its cotton 2. “Cotton is _________” “And the War Came” 3. Alexander Stephens “_________________” Speech “Our new government[‘s] foundations are laid, its cornerstone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery— subordination to the superior race—is his natural and normal condition. This, our new government, is the first, in the history of the world, based upon this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth.” March 21, 1861 “And the War Came” Union Diplomacy 1. Britain 2. France 3. Europe sympathized with the Confederacy 4. The ___________Affair Lincoln: “One war at a time” ← Charles Francis Adams “And the War Came” Congress During the Civil War 1. Non-Military Legislation ________________ Act Morrill Land Grant Act Income Tax bill Morrill Tariff Legal Tender Act 2. Slavery Legislation Abolition of slavery in DC and the territories ______thAmendment ← Galusha Aaron Grow “And the War Came” Union and Confederate Armies 1. Volunteers 2. _________________ Financing the War Effort 1. Taxation 2. Tariffs 3. __________ money Prisoners of War 1. Andersonville, GA 2. Elmira, NY ← New York Draft Riots “And the War Came” II. The American Civil War Fort ______________ – April 1861 Secession of the Upper South Confederate capital moved from Montgomery, AL to ______________, VA “And the War Came” First Battle of Bull Run – July 1861 1. ______________, VA 2. Northern Strategy for the War 3. Both sides believed the war would be a short one ← Generals P.G.T Beauregard (CSS) & Irwin McDowell (US) “And the War Came” Peninsular Campaign – AprilJuly 1862 1. ↑ General George B. ________________(Union) 2. ↓ General Joseph E. Johnston (Confederate) 3. General Robert E. Lee – Seven Days’ Battle – June-July 1862 4. General Thomas J. “_____________” Jackson and the Shenandoah Valley Campaign “And the War Came” The Naval War 1. _____________ and ______________ – March 1862 Battle at Hampton Roads at the mouth of the Elizabeth and James Rivers 2. CSS Hunley Confederate submarine “And the War Came” Battle of ______________– The First Turning Point – September 1862 1. Second Battle of Bull Run – August 1862 2. Confederate Invasion into Union Territory 3. Confederate Objectives ← Union General John Pope “And the War Came” 4. __________________ Proclamation Reaction to the Proclamation Foreign Intervention How many slaves did the emancipation proclamation free? Lincoln on the Union and Slavery "My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union. I shall do less whenever I shall believe what I am doing hurts the cause, and I shall do more whenever I shall believe doing more will help the cause." Abraham Lincoln to New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley, August 11, 1862 Emancipation Proclamation “Now, therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief, of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and in accordance with my purpose so to do publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days, from the day first above mentioned, order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States, the following, to wit: [list of all the states and/or regions in rebellion against the United States] “And by virtue of the power, and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free; and that the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons. January 1, 1863 “And the War Came” _________________ – December 1862 The “stone wall” ← General Ambrose Burnside “And the War Came” Chancellorsville – May 1863 1. Death of _____________ _________________ 2. Jackson was mistakenly shot by is own soldiers 3. Had is left arm amputated, but developed pneumonia and died a few days later 4. General Lee: “General Jackson, you have lost your left arm, but I have lost my right.” ← General Joe Hooker “And the War Came” Second Confederate invasion of Union territory Battle of ________________– The Second Turning Point – July 1863 1. The First Day General Winfield Scott Hancock and Cemetery Ridge General Richard ________ ← General George Gordon Meade “And the War Came” 2. The Second Day ← Colonel Joshua _______________ and Little Round Top ← General Daniel Sickles and the “Fish hook” formation “And the War Came” 3. The Third Day ____________’s Charge ← General George Pickett “And the War Came” 4. _______________ Address November 1863 Symbolic of the conversion of the war from one to preserve the Union to one for human liberty Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. “And the War Came” War in the West 1. General Ulysses S. ________ 2. Fort Henry and Fort Donelson – Kentucky – February 1862 3. Battle of Shiloh – April 1862 4. Battle of Perrysville – October 1862 5. ______________ Campaign – April to July 1863 Control of the Mississippi River Split the Confederacy in two “And the War Came” 5. Fall of Atlanta – September 1864 General William T. _______________ “March to the Sea” “And the War Came” Election of 1864 1. Republicans – Abraham Lincoln Andrew ____________(D) TN 2. Democrats – George B. McClellan Democrats nominate a pro-war candidate on an anti-war platform “And the War Came” Grant Takes Command – The End of the Confederacy The Eastern Theater 1. Wilderness Campaign – May 1864 2. ________________ Court House – May 1864 3. Cold Harbor – June 1864 4. Siege of ___________________ 5. Trench Warfare “And the War Came” 5. _________________ Court House – April 9, 1865 Lee and Grant meet at the home of Wilmer McLean “And the War Came” Assassination of President Lincoln 1. John Wilkes _________ 2. Impact of Lincoln’s Death on the South 3. Secretary of War Stanton: “Now he belongs to the ages.” ← John Wilkes Booth “And the War Came” Black Americans collecting bones of soldiers at Cold Harbor III. Significance of the American Civil War Use of government power to _____________ society Destruction of the concept of secession Destruction of ___________ Massive growth of the federal government “And the War Came” Fatal blow to the _________’srights philosophy Destruction of southern economy Impact on families— north and south Acceleration of northern ________________