Download Blood Vessel Lab

Anatomy and Physiology II
Blood Vessel Lab
Prelab Questions for the Vessel Lab
Name _______________________________________________
1.
What circulation carries blood to the lungs to obtain oxygen, then returns it to the
heart?
2.
What circulation transports oxygenated blood throughout the body, and returns
deoxygenated blood to the heart?
3.
What arteries are colored blue on drawings and models? Why are they colored
blue?
4.
How many brachiocephalic arteries do we have?
5.
What layer of a vessel is composed mostly of smooth muscle?
6.
What name is given to the inner lining of a blood vessel?
7.
Name the main artery in the thigh.
8.
What veins collect nutrient rich blood from the intestine and transport it to the
liver?
9.
What fetal pulmonary bypass is a hole between the two atria?
10.
Name the vessel that supplies blood to the thumb side of the forearm and hand.
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Blood Vessel Lab Exercises
The objective of this lab is to learn from:
A.
A short lecture on:
1. types of vessels and the structure of vessel walls
2. pulmonary, systemic, hepatic portal and fetal circulation.
B.
You must be able to identify the vessels from models, illustrations from your
textbook and from ADAM Interactive. The Anatomy and Physiology
Coloring Book may also be used, if you wish to purchase it. You must also
know the origin of the vessels, and what part of the body the vessels serve.
C.
Use of microscope slides and a model of vessels to learn the histology of the
artery and the vein.
F.
Taking of blood pressure.
The number to the left of each vessel is used to identify it on drawings and the
photographs in this guide. The best way to use this guide is to start with the text
description of the vessel and then find the corresponding vessel on a drawing or
photograph. Do not just look at the drawing or photograph and then try to find the
vessel in the text of the guide; that can be more confusing.
You are responsible for identifying vessels on models, drawings, photographs and
A.D.A.M. Interactive Anatomy. In addition, you must know the part or parts of the
body that each vessel serves.
Figure references refer to figures in your textbook.
I.
Pulmonary circulation - Figure 21.29, page 792 in your text
Deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs, then oxygenated
blood from lungs to left atrium.
1. The pulmonary trunk is a large artery that carries deoxygenated blood out of
the right ventricle. The pulmonary (pulmonic) semilunar valve is at its base. It
divides producing the two pulmonary arteries.
2.
The right and left pulmonary arteries are branches of the pulmonary trunk.
Why are these arteries colored blue on drawings and models?
3.
The two right and two left pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from
the lungs to the left atrium. Why are these veins colored red on drawings and
models?
2
II.
Systemic Circulation
Oxygenated blood flows from left ventricle to tissues, deoxygenated blood flows
from tissues back to right atrium.
A.
Systemic Arteries - Figures 21.18 - 21.22, pages 760-776 in your text
Why are these vessels colored red in drawings and on models? Arteries with and
asterisk are pulse points.
4.
The aorta is the largest artery, and its branches supply oxygenated blood to
every part of the body. All of the following arteries receive their blood directly
or indirectly from this large artery. It has the following sections: ascending
aorta, aortic arch, thoracic descending aorta and the abdominal
descending aorta.
Branches of the aortic arch
5. The brachiocephalic trunk is the first branch of the aortic arch. Arising from
it are the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery. The left
common carotid and the left subclavian arteries arise separately from the aortic
arch. Therefore, there is no left brachiocephalic artery.
6.
The common carotid arteries* have different origins; the right one arises
from the brachiocephalic artery and the left one arises directly from the aortic
arch. Its strong pulse can be located in the neck to either side of the windpipe.
At about the level of the jaw, each common carotid artery divides to form an
external carotid artery and an internal carotid artery.
7.
The external carotid artery supplies blood to the head, neck, esophagus,
throat (pharynx), tongue, voice box (larynx) and mandible. You must know the
three prominent branches of the external carotid artery listed below.
8. facial artery*
9. superficial temporal artery*
10. occipital artery
11. The internal carotid artery enters the skull and helps supply blood to the
brain.
12. The right subclavian artery arises from the brachiocephalic artery, and the
left subclavian artery arises directly from the aortic arch. These vessels
extend from their origins to the first rib. They supply blood to the arms,
shoulders, chest wall, back, brain and spinal cord.
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13. Each vertebral artery arises from the subclavian artery, passes up the neck
through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae and enters the skull
through the foramen magnum. Both vertebral arteries supply blood to the brain
and spinal cord. Specifics on brain circulation are presented at the end of this
list.
Note: Vessels number 14 & 15 have been removed from the guide.
16. As each subclavian artery passes the first rib and enters the shoulder and armpit
(axilla) it becomes the axillary artery. The axillary artery supplies blood to
the shoulder and the head of the humerus.
17. Each axillary continues in the upper arm (brachium) as the brachial artery*.
This artery supplies blood to the rest of the upper arm. You may see a
prominent branch of the brachial artery called the deep brachial artery. You are
not responsible for this vessel, but you will see it on some models. Each
brachial artery divides at the elbow to form a radial artery and an ulnar artery.
18. The radial artery* is the branch of the brachial artery that passes down the
thumb (lateral) side of the forearm to the wrist.
19. The ulnar artery is the branch of the brachial artery that passes down the little
finger (medial) side of the forearm to the wrist. Both the radial and ulnar
arteries supply blood to the forearm, and they unite to form the deep and
superficial palmar arches in the hand.
20. The palmar arches are arterial loops, formed by the union of the radial and
ulnar arteries. They are located at different levels within the hand (palm); the
digital (finger) arteries arise from these arches.
Branches of the abdominal aorta
21. The short, unpaired celiac trunk artery arises from the abdominal aorta just
inferior to the diaphragm. It gives rise to three branches as follows: These
branches are not clearly shown on any of the models; look for them on
A.D.A.M Interactive Anatomy.
22. The common hepatic artery supplies blood to the liver, stomach, gall
bladder and small intestine. It looks like a backward “J”.
23. A small left gastric artery supplies blood to the stomach and lower
esophagus.
24. The prominent splenic artery supplies blood to the spleen, stomach and
pancreas.
25. The large, unpaired superior mesenteric artery arises from the abdominal
aorta about an inch below the celiac trunk. It supplies blood to the small
intestine, pancreas and most of the large intestine.
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26. The short, paired renal arteries emerge form the abdominal aorta just inferior
to the superior mesenteric artery. They supply blood to each kidney.
27. The small, thread-like gonadal (testicular or ovarian) arteries arise from the
abdominal aorta just below the renal arteries. They supply blood to either the
ovaries or the testes.
28. The inferior mesenteric artery arises from the abdominal aorta below the
gonadal arteries. It supplies blood to the last part of the colon and to the
rectum.
29. Near the 4th lumbar vertebra, the aorta divides to form the two common iliac
arteries. They supply blood to the pelvis and the lower extremities. They are
called common iliacs because each one divides forming an internal and
external iliac artery.
30. The internal iliac artery is the inner branch of the common iliac artery. It
supplies blood to the pelvic organs and the medial side of the thigh.
31. The external iliac artery is the outer, larger branch of the common iliac artery,
and it supplies blood to the lower extremities. After penetrating the lower
abdominal wall, the external iliac becomes the femoral artery.
32. The femoral artery* is a large artery that supplies blood to the thigh, hence its
name.
33. Vessel 33 has been removed from this guide.
34. Behind the knee, the femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery*. This
artery then divides to form the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
35. As its name indicates, posterior tibial artery passes down the posterior
surface of the tibia.
36. The anterior tibial artery arises from the popliteal artery, then extends
forward between the tibia and fibula and passes down the anterior surface of
the tibia.
37. As it passes across the top of the ankle, the anterior tibial becomes the dorsalis
pedis artery*. It supplies blood to the ankle and part of the foot.
38. The dorsalis pedis divides to form the dorsal arch. Small arteries branch off
of this arch to supply blood to the toes and parts of the foot.
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39. The posterior tibial divides at the ankle to form an arterial loop called the
plantar arch. Small arteries from this loop supply the toes and parts of the
foot.
Arteries of the brain - Figure 21.19c, page 767 in your text
40. The basilar artery is formed by the union of the two vertebral arteries along
the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata. Along with the vertebral arteries,
it supplies blood to the spinal cord, medulla oblongata and the pons. It then
divides to form the posterior cerebral arteries.
41. The posterior cerebral arteries supply blood to the posterior part of the
cerebrum.
42. The small posterior communicating arteries extend forward to connect the
posterior cerebral arteries to the internal carotid arteries.
43. The large middle cerebral artery extends laterally from the internal carotids
to supply blood to most of the temporal and parietal lobes and part of the
frontal lobes.
44. The small anterior cerebral arteries extend forward from the internal carotids
and curve medially toward each other
45. A very short segment called the anterior communicating artery connects the
two anterior cerebral arteries.
46. The basilar artery and the two internal carotid arteries supply blood to a rotary
of vessels around the pituitary gland called the Circle of Willis. The “Circle”
consists of the posterior cerebral arteries, posterior communicating arteries,
anterior cerebral arteries and the anterior communicating artery.
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Figure 1. Plaque Model – Arteries
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10
9
8
6
13
12
4
5
16
Figure 2. Plaque Model – Upper Body Arteries
8
12
16
17
19
18
20
Figure 3. Plaque Model –Arm Arteries
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21
25
26
28
29
30
31
32
Figure 4. Plaque Model - Lower Body Arteries
10
32
34
35
36
37
Figure 5. Plaque Model - Leg Arteries
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Figure 6. Torso Model - Arteries
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B.
Systemic Veins - Figures 21.23-21.27, pages 777-790 in your text
Why are these vessels colored blue in drawings and on models?
47. The large superior vena cava collects blood returning from the head and
upper extremities into the right atrium of the heart.
Branches of the Superior Vena Cava
48. The two, prominent brachiocephalic veins are formed by the forking
(bifurcation) of the superior vena cava. They extend upward to the right and
left and receive blood from the internal jugular veins and the subclavian veins.
You will see that the left one is longer that the right one.
49. The internal jugular veins arise from each brachiocephalic vein and pass
along side the internal carotid arteries as they collect blood from a group of
dural sinuses in the cranium.
50. The subclavian veins branch from the brachiocephalic veins, and extend to the
first rib. Each continues distally as an axillary vein.
51. The small vertebral veins descend through the transverse foramina of the
cervical vertebrae collecting blood from the cervical spinal cord and the back
of the skull. They connect to the brachiocephalic veins.
52. The smaller, more superficial external jugular veins collect blood from the
superficial veins of the head and pass it into the subclavian vein. They are
external to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The only models that show them
are the full length, muscular models, and they are only shown as stumps.
53. The prominent, unpaired azygos vein collects blood from the lower back
(lumbar region) upward into the right thoracic cavity then into the superior
vena cava. The hemiazygos vein collects blood form the left thorax and passes
its blood into the azygos.
54. After passing the first rib, the subclavian vein becomes the axillary vein. Each
axillary vein receives blood from the cephalic vein, the basilic vein and the
brachial vein.
55. The superficial cephalic veins passes up the lateral (radial) side of each arm
from the superficial palmar arch to the axillary vein.
56. The superficial basilic veins ascend along the medial (ulnar) side of the arm
from the superficial palmar arch directly into the axillary vein.
57. Each brachial vein receives blood from the radial and ulnar veins and then
connects to the axillary vein. Not well represented on models
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58. The radial vein passes along the radial (lateral) side of the arm and connects to
the brachial vein just proximal to the elbow. It receives blood from the deep
palmar arch. Not on models
59. The ulnar vein passes along the ulnar (medial) side of the arm and connect to
the brachial vein just proximal to the elbow. It receives blood from the deep
palmar arch. Not on models
61. The large inferior vena cava collects most of the blood, from below the
diaphragm that drains into the right atrium of the heart.
Veins that drain into the inferior vena cava
62. The hepatic veins collect blood form the liver and pass it into the inferior vena
cava.
63. The renal veins collect blood from the kidneys.
64. The small gonadal (testicular or ovarian) veins collect blood from the gonads
(ovaries or testes). The right one collects the blood and passes it directly into
the inferior vena cava. Where does the left one connect? The only model that
shows them is the Somso torso.
65. Near the 5th lumbar vertebra, the inferior vena cava divides to form the
common iliac veins. Each the common iliac vein divides in turn to form an
external and internal iliac vein.
66. The inner, smaller branch of the common iliac vein is the internal iliac vein.
It collects blood from the pelvic organs.
67. The outer, larger branch of the common iliac vein is the external iliac vein. It
collects blood from the lower extremities. After penetrating the lower
abdominal wall, the external iliac vein becomes the femoral vein.
68. The large femoral vein collects blood from the thigh, hence its name.
69. Vessel 69 has been removed from this guide.
70. Behind the knee, the femoral vein becomes the popliteal vein. This vein then
divides to form the anterior and posterior tibial veins.
71. The posterior tibial vein passes up the posterior surface of the tibia and
collects blood from the lower leg and foot (plantar arch).
72. The anterior tibial vein passes up the anterior surface of the tibia, and also
collects blood from the lower leg and foot (plantar arch).
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73. The great saphenous vein is a superficial vein that passes up along the medial
side of the leg and connects to the femoral vein near the hip. It begins on the
medial side of the foot where it collects blood from the dorsal venous arch. A
small saphenous vein collects blood from this arch on the lateral side of the
foot.
Figure 7. Large Plaque Model - Veins
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49
50
48
47
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Figure 8. Veins – Plaque Model, Upper Body
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55
56
60
Figure 9. Plaque Model - Arm Veins
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63
61
65
67
66
Figure 10. Plaque Model – Lower Body Veins
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Figure 11. Torso Model - Veins
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III. Hepatic portal circulation - Figure 21.28, page 791 in your text and ADAM
Interactive Anatomy
Blood is collected from abdominal organs (especially digestive organs) and is
passed to the liver, hence the “hepatic” part of the name. This system of veins is
called portal because there are two groups of capillary beds along the route, one
group in the abdominal organ and another group in the liver. This is not the case
with systemic circulation.
74. The large portal vein receives blood from all of the veins of the hepatic portal
system and passes it into the liver.
75. The prominent superior mesenteric vein collects nutrient rich blood from the
stomach, small intestine and most of the large intestine and passes it into the
portal vein.
76. The splenic vein collects blood from the spleen and passes it into the portal vein
77. The small inferior mesenteric vein collects blood from the lower parts of the
colon and the rectum and passes it into the splenic vein.
Figure 6. Hepatic Portal System – color the labeled veins
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IV. Fetal circulation - Figure 21.30, page 794 in your text
Fetal circulation (circulation of the unborn) is different than circulation after birth.
The fetus does not use its lung to breathe; it depends on its mother for oxygenation
of its blood. The fetus is connected to its mother’s circulation by an umbilical cord
that extends from its belly button (umbilicus) to a structure called the placenta. The
placenta is a membranous connection between the fetus and mother where fetal and
maternal blood come in close contact. Here, the baby gets oxygen and food from its
mom and gets rid of waste products. A pair of umbilical arteries passes through
the umbilical cord from baby to placenta and a single umbilical vein carries blood
back to the baby through the cord.
Because the fetus does not use its lungs to breathe, fetal bypasses route a lot of the
blood away from the lungs. One of these bypasses, called the foramen ovale, is a
hole in the inter-atrial septum where blood flows directly from the right atrium to
left atrium. The other bypass is a short vessel called the ductus arteriosus where
blood flows directly from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta. Both of these
bypasses route most of the oxygenated blood returning form the placenta away from
the lungs. Identify the above bold printed structures on figure 21-35.
V.
A.D.A.M. Interactive Blood Vessels
Arteries
Aorta and its Branches
Open Dissectible Anatomy
Anterior View
1. Select layer # 173. Center the image over thorax. Although you may use the scroll bars
to center the image, there is an easier way. Point to the icon of the small person in the
upper right corner of the image screen. A representation of the entire image will appear
with a small gray rectangle. Point inside the rectangle, hold down the left mouse button
and drag the rectangle over the part of the representative image that needs to be centered.
When you release the mouse button, the image should be centered to the new location. If
this procedure does not work, see your instructor.
Find the ascending aorta and the arch of the aorta.
2.
Select layer #246.
a. Name the three main branches of the aortic arch
1)
2)
3)
b. Name the two prominent branches of the brachiocephalic artery.
1)
2)
21
Arteries of the Head and Neck
Lateral View
1.
Center the image over neck and head.
2.
Select layer #49.
a. Identify the common carotid artery.
b. Identify the following branches of the common carotid artery.
1) external carotid artery
2) internal carotid artery
c. Identify the following branches of the external carotid artery:
1) occipital artery
2) Superficial temporal artery
3) facial artery
Arteries of the Upper Limbs
Anterior View
1. Center the image over upper thorax.
2. Select layer #246.
a. Follow the right subclavian artery as it branches off of the brachiocephalic
artery. What vessel gives rise to the left subclavian artery?
b. Identify the branch of the subclavian artery called the vertebral artery
3. Select layer # 88.
a. Identify the axillary artery. At what point does the subclavian become the
axillary artery? Hint: Check a part of the axial skeleton.
b. Find the right brachial artery and use the right and bottom scroll bars to
position the image so that you get a full view of the artery. It will disappear at the
elbow (antecubital area).
4. Select layer #103. Center the image over the forearm and identify the right radial
artery. Which side of the arm does it supply?
5. Select layer #123 and identify the right ulnar artery. Which side of the arm does it
supply with blood?
22
Branches of the Abdominal Aorta
Anterior View
1. Center the image over the upper abdomen.
2. Select layer #240 and find the following branches of the abdominal aorta:
a. Celiac trunk
b. Superior mesenteric artery
c. Left and right renal arteries
d. Left and right testicular or ovarian arteries
e. Inferior mesenteric artery
3. Select layer #216.
a. Find the following branches of the celiac trunk:
1) Splenic artery
2) Left gastric artery
3) Common hepatic and proper hepatic arteries
b. Find the superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric arteries in this view.
4. Select layer #224 and find the left and right testicular (male gonadal) arteries and
the inferior mesenteric artery in this layer.
5. Select layer #240.
a. Identify the two large arteries that are formed by the division (bifurcation) of the
abdominal aorta?
The left and right _________________________________________________
b. Name the arteries that are formed by the division of the above arteries.
1) _____________________________________________________________
2) _____________________________________________________________
c. What does the more lateral of the above vessels become in the thigh?
__________________________________________________
Arteries of the Lower Extremities
Posterior View
Select layer #132, center the image over back of knee and find the popliteal artery.
What artery gives rise to this vessel?
Lateral View
Select layer #265, center the image over the knee and find the popliteal, anterior tibial
and posterior tibial arteries in this view.
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Medial View
Select layer #32, center the image over lower leg and find the posterior tibial artery in
this view.
Anterior View
Select layer #296. Center the image over the foot. Find the anterior tibial and dorsalis
pedis arteries.
Arteries of the Brain – This is optional, depending on your instructor.
1. Exit Dissectible Anatomy
2. Click on folder icon and click on content.
3. Click on the Atlas Anatomy tab.
4. Click on System radio button.
5. Select Cardiovascular System.
6. Select Cerebral arterial circle (inf.)
7. Identify the following:
a. vertebral artery (paired)
b. basilar artery (unpaired)
c. posterior cerebral artery (paired)
d. posterior communicating artery (paired)
e. middle cerebral artery (paired)
f. anterior cerebral artery (paired)
g. anterior communicating artery (unpaired)
The posterior cerebral arteries, posterior communicating arteries, anterior cerebral
arteries and the anterior communicating artery form the "Circle of Willis".
Veins
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Exit Atlas Anatomy
Click on folder icon
Click on content
Click on Dissectible Anatomy
Click on open
Branches of the Superior Vena Cava
1. Select layer #176. Center the image over the upper thorax.
a. Identify the superior vena cava. What heart chamber does it empty into?
b. Name the two large branches of the superior vena cava.
Left and right ________________________________________.
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2. Select layer #82.
Notice that the veins are nearly the same on the right and left sides, but we will examine
only the right side.
a. Locate the right brachiocephalic vein just superior and slightly lateral to the
manubrium of the sternum.
b.
Name the two branches of the brachiocephalic vein.
1) __________________________________________________
2) __________________________________________________
c.
Center the image over the shoulder and upper arm and find the right
axillary vein.
d. Locate the stub of the right cephalic vein as it branches off of the axillary just
distal to the subclavian vein.
e. Locate the small brachial vein. It branches laterally off of the axillary vein at
the level of the third rib.
f. Locate the prominent basilic vein. It connects to the axillary vein on the
medial side of the arm.
3. Select layer #5. Center the image over the elbow. Zoom out (reduce image size) if
necessary.
a. Note how the basilic vein emerges from the deep layer of superficial fascia as it
passes along the medial part of the arm.
b. What prominent vein courses along the lateral side of the arm? You located its
stub branching off of the axillary vein just distal to the subclavian vein.
4. Select layer #271. Center the image over thorax and find the azygos (azygous) vein as
it passes along the posterior wall of the thoracic cavity.
Lateral view
5. Select layer #168. Center the image over thorax and see the azygos vein and arch of
the azygos vein in this view. What larger vein does it drain into?
6. Select Posterior View
7. Select layer #3. Center the image over the left forearm.
a. Follow the cephalic and basilic veins as they pass down the forearm.
b. Notice all of the venous anastomoses in the hand.
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Veins of the Head
Anterior View
1. Select layer #76. Center the image over neck and follow the large internal jugular
vein as it courses up the neck. What prominent arteries are just medial to these veins?
2. Select layer #11 and find the two smaller external jugular veins.
Lateral View
3. Select layer # 19
4. Center the image over the head and find the external jugular vein in this view.
5. Select layer #47 and find the internal jugular vein. Note that it is larger than the
external jugular vein.
Veins that Drain into the Inferior Vena Cava
Anterior View
1. Select layer #175. Center the image over thorax.
a. Identify the four pulmonary veins passing through the pericardium. Why are
these veins colored red?
b. Identify the superior and inferior vena cavae
2. Select #238. Center the image over abdomen.
a. Identify the entire length of the inferior vena cava.
b. Name the three veins (shown as stubs) that enter the inferior vena cava just
inferior to the two inferior phrenic veins. _______________________________
c. Find the prominent renal veins.
3. Select layer #222 and identify the two testicular (mail gonadal) veins. Which one
does not drain directly into the inferior vena cava? What does it drain into?
4. Select layer #241. Center the image over lower abdomen.
a. Find the left and right common iliac veins.
b. Name the two branches of the common iliac vein.
1) Larger and more lateral branch is
_________________________________
2) Smaller and more medial branch is
________________________________
c. The more lateral (external) of the two veins above become the
____________________ vein in the thigh.
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d. Name the vein in this layer that presents as a medially directed stub branching
off of the above vein (vein in "c.").
________________________________________________ vein
5. Select layer #330. Center the image over the thigh and find the femoral vein passing
posterior to the femoral artery.
Posterior View
6. Select layer #124. Center the image over the knee and find the popliteal vein behind
the knee. What more proximal vein gives rise to it?
7. Select layer # 140. Center the image over lower leg.
a. Find the anterior tibial vein as it disappears medial to the head of the fibula to
drain the anterior part of the lower leg. It is difficult to see so investigate the area
thoroughly.
b. Follow the posterior tibial vein as it forms just distal to the circumflex fibular
vein. Note that it divides into two parts more distally.
Hepatic Portal System
Anterior View
1. Select layer #217. Center the image over the upper abdomen and locate the following
parts of the hepatic portal system:
a. The portal vein is the largest of these veins; it enters the liver.
b. The superior mesenteric vein is the second largest of these veins. It extends
straight downward and runs anterior to the duodenum (the first part of the small
intestine). What artery does it pass beside?
c. The splenic vein passes from the spleen to the portal vein.
d. The inferior mesenteric vein empties into the splenic vein from below.
27
VI.
Taking Blood Pressure
You will use a simple sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope, and follow the instructions
below, to learn how to take blood pressure.
1. Wrap and secure the BP cuff around the upper arm making sure that it is positioned
properly over the brachial artery. There is usually an arrow on the cuff to help with
positioning.
2. Become comfortable using the valve knob on the cuff. Use the thumb and index finger
to work it.
3. Close the valve by turning it clockwise, but not too tight; you need to be able to easily
release it.
4. Attach the sphygmomanometer (the pressure gauge) to the front edge of the cuff.
5. Place the stethoscope over the brachial artery, slightly to the medial side of the bend of
the elbow.
6. Inflate the cuff until the reading on the sphygmomanometer is a well above what you
think the systolic pressure might be.
7. While listening through the stethoscope, gently begin to release the cuff valve by
carefully turning it counterclockwise.
8. As the pressure begins to drop, there will be a point where you will hear a tapping
sound (Korotkoff sound). Immediately read the sphygmomanometer; this is the systolic
pressure or high number.
9. As the pressure continues to fall, the tapping will either disappear or become muted.
Read the manometer again; this reading is the diastolic pressure or low number.
10. Trade off taking each other’s BP. Take the BP sitting and standing, and have someone
walk briskly up and down the stairs four times, then take the pressure. Compare their
resting pressure with their pressure after exertion.
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VII. Vessels Focus Questions
I. Identify structures from the following descriptions
1.
Name the circulation to and from the lungs. ______________________________
2.
Name the circulation to and from the myocardium. ______________________
3.
Name and describe the two pulmonary fetal bypasses.
a.
________________________________________________________
b.
________________________________________________________
4.
The three divisions of the aorta are the ______________________________, the
____________________________ and the descending divisions. The two subdivisions
of the descending aorta are the _______________________________ and
______________________________________.
5.
Name the two main branches of the brachiocephalic artery.
________________________ and _____________________________
6.
Name the two branches of the common carotid.
____________________________ and _______________________________
7.
After passing the first rib, the subclavian artery becomes the
______________________________ artery.
8.
Name the upper arm artery. __________________________________
9.
Name the artery in thumb side (lateral) part of forearm.
______________________________
10.
This branch of the subclavian artery goes deep into the neck and passes through
the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae. ______________________________
11.
Name the arteries that form the Circle of Willis.
______________________________, _________________________________,
_________________________________ and ______________________________
12.
Name the arteries that supply blood to the Circle of Willis.
_____________________________ and __________________________________
13.
Name the first unpaired artery inferior to the diaphragm.
__________________________________
14.
Name the three major branches of the artery in question 13.
_____________________________, ________________________ and the
____________________________________
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15.
Name the next unpaired artery. ______________________________________
16.
Name the arteries that supply blood to the kidneys.
_________________________________
17.
Name the arteries that supply blood to the testes or ovaries
_________________________________________
18.
Name the lower counterpart to the vessel in question 15.
__________________________________________
19.
The abdominal descending aorta divides to form these arteries in the pelvis.
______________________________________
20.
Arteries named in question 19 divide to form these.
____________________________ and __________________________________
21.
One of the Arteries in question 20 forms this major artery as it passes the body
wall and enters the thigh. ____________________________________
22.
At the knee, the artery in question 21 becomes the
________________________________________.
23.
Name the more anterior branch of the artery in question 22.
___________________________________
24.
Name the more posterior branch of the artery in question 22.
__________________________________
25.
Name the artery across top of foot.
______________________________________
26.
This artery supplies blood to the small intestine, pancreas and most of the large
intestine. _______________________________________
27.
This artery divides to form the common hepatic, splenic and left gastric arteries.
_____________________________
28.
Name the vein that collects blood from head and upper extremities into the right
atrium. __________________________________
29.
Name the vein that passes blood into the right atrium from below heart.
___________________________________
30.
Name the veins produced by the forking (bifurcation) of the vein in question 28.
____________________________________________________________________
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31.
Name the major branches of each of the vessels in question 30; one passes up the
neck, the other heads toward the shoulder. _____________________________ and
_______________________________________
32.
Name the armpit vein. ________________________________
33.
Name the vein on lateral side of arm. ______________________________
34.
Name the vein on medial most side of arm. ______________________________
35.
Name the veins that collect blood from the liver. __________________________
36.
Name the veins that collect blood from the kidneys. ____________________
37.
Name the veins that collect blood from the gonads. The right one connects to the
vessel in question 29, the left one connects to the _____________________________.
38.
In the pelvis, the inferior vena cava forks (bifurcates) to form these two veins.
____________________________________________
39.
The vein in question 38 divides, in turn, to form theses two veins.
______________________________ and _________________________________
40.
The larger and more lateral of the above branches continues past the lower
abdominal wall to form the big vein of the thigh called the
__________________________________.
41.
At the knee, the vein in question 40 becomes the
__________________________________.
42.
The vein in question 41 divides to form the anterior, and posterior
___________________________________.
43.
Name the prominent superficial vein that extends along the medial side of the leg
from the dorsal venous arch to the femoral artery near the hip.
___________________________________________________________
VIII.
Tracing blood Tracing blood is a good exercise to help you learn these vessels. This exercise is
optional-not for credit.
A.
Trace a drop of blood from the small intestine to the heart and back to the
intestine. Include all of the major vessels along the way. Include the hepatic portal
system.
B.
Trace a drop of blood from a point in the knee to the heart and back to the knee. Include
all of the major vessels along the way.
C.
Trace a drop of blood from a point in the forearm to the heart and back to the forearm.
Include all of the major vessels along the way.
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