Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Audrey 7.2 - Music Theory Basic Elements of Music Music Elements 1. Dynamics ! Dynamics is symbol that expresses the degree of loudness in a music piece. The dynamic markings also indicate if there is a change in the volume. examples of dynamics symbols/markings: Term Abbrevia Definition tion Piano p Soft volume Pianissim pp o Pianississi ppp Very soft volume mo Pianississi pppp ssimo Pianississi ppppp Extremely soft volume ssissimo Pianississi pppppp As soft as possible ssississim o Mezzo mf Medium loud volume forte Mezzo mp Medium soft volume piano Fortississi ffff As loud as possible ssimo Fortississi fff Extremely loud volume mo Fortissimo ff Very loud volume Forte f Loud volume Forzando fz or ffz Begin the note loudly with a very strong accent or Forzato Sforzando sf or sff or sfff Sforzato sfz or sffz or sfffz Combine Abbrevia d tion Markings Pianoforte pf Fortepian fp o Fortissimo ffp piano Mezzofort mfp e piano Sforzando sfp piano Loud and accented Loud and accented Definition Soft then immediately loud Loud and accented then immediately soft Begin the note very loudly, instantly diminishing to a much softer volume. Begin the note moderately loudly, instantly diminishing to a much softer volume. Begin the note loudly, with a marked and sudden emphasis, instantly diminishing to a much softer volume. Dynamic Abbrevia Definition Transitio tion ns Crescendo cresc. Gradually increase volume or Decrescen decr. or do or decresc. Gradually decrease volume Diminuen dim. do or Gradually decrease volume 2. Harmony ! Harmony is depicted as 2 or more notes played at the same time and refers to how the chords are made and how it follows each other in time. Consonance and dissonance are also included the harmony music element category. Consonance is a tone combination that is stable and a dissonance is a tone combination that is unstable. Dissonant chords are are active and move music forward and it has a resolution when moved to a consonance. A triad is the most simplest and basic chord that consists of three tones. Broken chords, or arpeggios, appear when individual tones of a chord are sounded on after another. They may also appear in the melody or accompaniment. 3. Rhythm ! Rhythm is the flow of music through time/sonic action in time and also the length of notes and rests in a music. Rhythms are shaped by meters. Meters are rhythmic patterns that are produced by grouping strong and weak beats together. Meters can be in duple (2 beats in a measure), triple (3 beats in a measure), and quadruple (4 beats in a measure) and so on. A rhythm has certain elements like beat and tempo. Beats are a regular rhythmic pattern. It divides music into equal units of time. A tempo is the basic speed of the music and the speed of the beat. Tempo indications are usually given at the start of the music piece. largo! ! grave! ! adagio! andante! moderato! allegretto! allegro! vivace!! presto!! prestissimo! very slow, broad very slow, solemn slow moderately slow, a walking pace moderate moderately fast fast lively very fast as fast as possible When a tempo starts to become faster, it is written as accelerando; when it becomes slower it is written as ritardando. 4. Melody ! Melody is the tune of the song. It is the memorable tune created by playing a succession or series of single tones. A melody moves by small intervals called steps or large intervals called leaps. A step is for example from do to re, re to mi, and mi to fa and so on. A larger interval or leap is for example like from do to mi, do to sol, and so on. There is a variety of effects on how and when the melody tones are performed. They are called legato when they are played in a smooth and connected style and called staccato when played in a short and detached manner. Short parts in lots of melodies are called phrases and a cadence is the resting place at the end of a phrase. There are two types of cadences, which is the incomplete cadence, where it sets up expectations and then the second phrase ends with a complete cadence because it gives an answer and a sense of finality. 5. Tone Colour ! Also known as timbre; it refers to the quality of sound that distinguishes one voice or instrument from another. Some examples of tone colours are like bright, dark, brilliant, mellow, and rich as well as lush and dull. Changes in tone colour create sorts of varieties and contrasts. The choir voices are also an example of tone colours: SOPRANO - female; high voice ALTO - female; low voice TENOR - male; high voice BASS - male, low voice The tone colours of instruments help create or fit into a mood; for example a violin’s soothing tone colour could create a calm and relaxing mood, meanwhile a trumpet’s brilliant sound is fit for a heroic or upbeat melody. 6. Texture ! There are three types of texture, and those are: polyphonic texture, homophonic texture and monophonic texture. Polyphonic Texture: when two or more melodic lines perform together and it also has many sounds. Homophonic Texture: when one main melody is accompanied by chords. Monophonic Texture: when one main melody is not accompanied at all (without accompaniment) 7. Instruments ! Musical instruments are like the “colours” of music. The instruments are divided into 4 families: String Family (string instruments): bowed: violin, cello, doublebass | plucked: guitar, harp Woodwind Family (woodwind instruments): flute, saxophone, clarinet, oboe, recorder Brasswind Family (brass instruments) trumpet, tuba, trombone Percussion Family (percussion instruments) cymbals, triangle, drum, maracas, castanets bibliography: http://historyofmusic.tripod.com/id6.html http://www.slideshare.net/jansonke/elements-of-music-2500243 http://trumpet.sdsu.edu/M345/Elements_of_Music5.html http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/appendix/dynamics/dynamics.html http://courses.washington.edu/matlab1/homework/Twinkle_Twinkle_Little_Star.png