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Pitch (Melody) – Think Vocals Steps or leaps (or both) - Step is a semi tone or tone - Leap is a 3rd, 4th, 5th etc etc Contour – shape of a melody - Jegged (leaps) - Smooth (steps) - Ascending or descending - Draw diagram Basics – Scalic melodies – Chord based melodies – Imitation – Repetition – Developments of the melody – Cadences – Balance between variety and unity – Melisma – Chromatism Range - Wide (2-3 octaves) - Narrow (few notes 1 octave) Phrase lengths - Even (symmetrical) - Uneven (asymmetrical) Imitation - entire melody copied with another instrument - often used with motifs Repetition - memorable impact. Ostinato – repeated pattern of notes Ornamentation - trills - filly bits (if lots write- heavily ornamented) Call and response Canon – theme/tune introduced then another instrument is added playing the same melody, a few bars later, another instrument plays the same melody etc. – Builds texture Improvisation – heavily ornamented Counter melody – contrasting melody played at the same time as the main melody Sequence – motif repeated in different pitches Melody question template Harmony question template Main melody - What instruments plays it? - Wide narrow range? - Describe contour (smooth, jagged, ascending, descending, sequence) - Draw contour - Phrases are long or short? (count number of bars in each phrase) - Ornamentation or improvisation? Tonality – Describe the overall tonality of the piece. – Chords used (Major/minor, dissonant, blues scales, atonal, modal) – Does the piece modulate? When? Counter melody; motifs or fragments - (same as main melody) Other riffs or melodic ostinato - what instruments plays it? - How many notes in the ostinato? - Describe contour - Where does the ostinato appear? - How often is it repeated? How do the melodies work together? - Call and response? (What instruments?) - Repetition (what is repeated, by whom?) - Imitation (what is imitated, by whom?) - Counter melody or canon? Tone colour question template Describe Overall mood and atmosphere - Describe tone colour in each section - How does the tone colour change from section to section Role of performing media - List performing media and specify it’s role(main melody, ostinato, riff, harmonic or rhythmic role) - Write about tone colour of each instrument Performing techniques - Specific techniques used to create effects in instruments or voices? Contrast of mood and sound - Any contrasts? - Which instruments? - Where do they occur? - Describe the tone colour of each and how it changes Structure question template - discuss every concept in each section draw table Sections ABC etc - Repeated chord patterns? - Rate of harmonic change? - Style of chords? - Identify cadences Duration question template Tempo and metre - What is the tempo? (allegro, lento, moderato) - Tempo constant or change? Where does it change? - Time signature? Multimeter? - Describe beat (strong, indefinite, backbeat) Introduction (do for each section) - How many bars? - Describe rhythm (lively, free, rigid) - What instruments create the rhythm? - Note values (long, short, dotted) - Syncopation? Ostinatos? Polyrhythm? Imitation? - Describe and notate the main rhythms Dynamics and expressive question template Overall dynamics - forte, piano, mezzoforte - Constant volume or changes? How are dynamics achieved? - texture, layers of instruments - crescendos and dimuendos Expressive techniques - staccato - legato - tremolo - pizzicato Performing techniques - go through each instrument and mention techniques Pitch (Harmony) – think chords Tonality - Major (happy) - Minor (sad) - Modal (not major or minor) - Pentatonic (five notes) - Atonal Basics – Chords – major minor – Ostinatos – Rate of chord changes (harmonic change) – Cadence – 12 Bar blues – Jazz chords – Dissonance – Pedal point (pedal point) Modulation - Where a piece moves away from the home key and then back again. Harmonic change – rate of chord changes Style of chords - Triads - Arpeggios - Alberti bass - Tone clusters Blues - blues scale - 12 bar blues Drone – continuous low pitch played to keep a tonal centre (eye of the tiger) – known on Piano as pedal point Cadence - Perfect - Plagal cadence - Interrupted - Imperfect Consonant Chords - based on major minor scales - creates feeling of resolution and stability - pleasant Dissonant Chords - tone clusters - creates feeling of tension and unease - clashing intervals Tone Colour (performing media) Performing Media Sounds - Aerophones: wind instruments - Chordophones: stringed instruments - Membranophones: drums covered by a membrane - Idiophones: percussion - Electronic sounds: computerised sounds Roles of performing media - What has the main melody? - What has a harmonic accompaniment role? - What has a rhythmic role - What provides a counter melody? - What plays an ostinato riff? Tone colour words/description Mood - Bright and energetic - Calm and mellow - Sombre and dark Sound - metallic - Brassy - Dry - Majestic - Sparkling - Distorted - Warm - Breathy - Rumbling Changes in tone colour - Does change - Does not Basics - solos groups trios ensembles electronic cultural groups - dark, sombre, mysterious - Warm, bright, clear - Liquid, nasal, harsh Duration (rhythm) Tempo - Adagio/ Lento (Slowly) - Andante/ Moderato (Moderately fast) - Vivace/ Presto (Quickly) - tempo remains constant tempo changes Accelerando - gradually getting faster Ritardando - gradually getting slower Rubato – expressive climaxes in each phrase Time signatures and metre - simple time - simple whole beats, crotchets or minims (4/4) - compound time - based on dotted beats (6/8) - multimeter - numerous changes in time signature (5/4, 7/4) Accent and ostinato - Accent - emphasis or stress - Syncopation - When accent is on the weaker beats - Backbeat – Accent is on second and fourth beats (form of syncopation) - Polyrhythm – two or more conflicting rhythmic patterns or accents at the same time (many rhythms) - Cross rhythm – where two metres are played at the same time - Free rhythm – beat is indefinite (no regular accents) - Ostinato – repeated pattern Note values – long or short Dynamics and expressive techniques Dynamics - constant or changes - crescendo or dimuendo - dynamic level is piano (soft) - dynamic level is moderately loud (mezzo forte) - dynamic level is forte (forte) Expressive techniques - Legato – smooth and connected - Staccato – short and detached - Vibrato – vibrating or slightly shaking the sound - Tremolo – quick repetition of the same note - Tenuto – drawing out the full length of a note - Glissando – rapid scale played in a sliding motion - Pizzicato – plucked with the fingers - Use of mute - Strumming - Drum roll – alternating drum strokes - Distortion – electronic filter - Double stopping – playing two strings at the same time - Note bending - Vocal effects – falsetto, scat Structure Binary Form – two main sections Ternary Form – three main sections Rondo From – many sections Theme and Variation – a main theme still exists, it is changed in different sections Through composed – does not repeat any previous material Strophic – hymn Coda – the end of a piece (outro) Texture - Thin Thick Changes in texture Build up of layers (canon) Lines and layers - Similar motion – melodic contour of two melodies imitate either ascending or descending together - Contrary motion – melodies move in opposite directions. One descends the other ascends Types of texture - Monophonic texture – single layer - Homophonic texture – melody with chordal accompaniment - Polyphonic texture – many melodic lines (counter melodies) - Unison – more than one instrument playing same note at same pitch - Doubling – same melody played an octave apart - Imitation - Call and response Texture question template Overall density and layers - Same all the way through? - Texture builds up? - Contrast thick and thin textures? Texture changes - Where do they occur? - Effect of texture changes Introduction (do for each section) - How many bars in each section? - How many layers? - What instruments play each layer? - What kind of texture? (polyphonic etc) - Describe function of each layer (melody, accompaniment) - How do the layers interact with each other (similar motion, contrary motion, canon) Draw Diagram of the texture in the piece