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Transcript
Chapter 5 Classical Greece • What impact has ancient Greece had on the modern world? - Athenian democracy was an important model for the establishment of a democracy ________________________________________________________________________ - ___________________________________________ originated in ancient Greece and is still a major international sporting event. - The work of _________________________________________________________ continues to be relevant to modern thought and society. - Architecture that reflects classical Greek styles remains highly visible in the contemporary landscape (__________________________________________________) - _______________________________________ (Homer), comedies, and tragedies of Greek playwrights are still widely read and rank among the world’s greatest works of the imagination. Section 1: Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea Geography Shapes Greek Life Indo-Europeans Ancient Greece - Collection of __________________________________________________ where Greek-speaking people live - Includes __________________________ and about _________________________________ The Sea - The ________________ shapes Greek civilization - Proximity to sea, lack of resources encourage _______________________________________________ The Land - _______________________ slow travel, divide land into regions - Lack of _________________________________________________ leads to small populations, need for colonies The Climate - Moderate climate promotes ________________________________________ - Greek men, especially, spend much of their time ____________________ 1 Chapter 5 Classical Greece Mycenaean Civilization Develops Origins - __________________________________—Indo-Europeans who settled on Greek mainland in 2000 B.C. - Took their name from their leading city, _____________________________ - Mycenaean ___________________________________ dominate Greece from 1600–1100 B.C. Contact with Minoans - After 1500 B.C., Mycenaeans adopt ___________________________________________________________________ The Trojan War - Trojan War—fought by Mycenaeans against _________________________________________ in 1200s B.C. - Once thought to be ___________________________________, archaeological evidence has been found Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians Dorians Replace Mycenaeans - Mycenaean civilization _____________________________________ around 1200 B.C. - _______________________________—possibly relatives of Bronze Age Greeks—move into Greece - Less advanced than Mycenaeans, Dorians leave ________________________________________________ Epics of Homer - Oral tradition grows, especially epics of _____________________________________________________________ - ____________________—a narrative poem about heroic deeds - Homer’s epic the Iliad, about ______________________________________, shows Greek heroic ideal 2 Chapter 5 Classical Greece Greeks Create Myths - Greeks develop their own myths—____________________________________________________________________ - Greeks seek to understand ___________________________________________________________ through myths - Greeks attribute human qualities—__________________________________________________—to their gods - ___________________, ruler of Gods, lives on Mount Olympus with his wife, _____________________ - Zeus’s daughter ______________________ is goddess of ______________________ and guardian of cities Section 2: Warring City-States Rule and Order in Greek City-States The City-State - By 750 B.C. the Greek city-state, or ____________, is the __________________________________________ - A polis is a ______________________________________________________________________; 50 to 500 square miles - Population of a city-state is often less than ___________________ - Citizens gather in the marketplace and acropolis—_____________________________________ Greek Political Structures - City-states have different forms of ________________________________ - Monarchy—rule by a __________________; aristocracy—rule by _______________________ - _______________________________—rule by small group of powerful merchants and artisans Tyrants Seize Power - ___________________________________________________________________________ clash in many city-states - ___________________________—nobles and wealthy citizens win support of common people - They ____________________________________ and rule in the interests of _______________________________________ 3 Chapter 5 Classical Greece Athens Builds a Limited Democracy Building Democracy - About 621 B.C., democracy—____________________________________—develops in _________________________ - Nobleman, ______________________________, develops legal code based on _______________________ of citizens - Ruler Solon _________________________________________________; Cleisthenes has citizens make _____________ - Only native-born, property-owning males are ________________________ Athenian Education - Schooling only for ______________________________________________________________________________ - Girls __________________________ from mothers and other female members of household Sparta Builds a Military State A Unique City-State - Sparta, isolated from much of Greece, builds _________________________________ Sparta Dominates Messenians - Around 725 B.C., Sparta __________________________ Messenia - Messenians become helots—_____________________________________________________________________________ - __________________________________ leads to Messenian revolt; Spartans build ______________________________ Sparta’s Government and Society - Sparta government has _______________________ branches; ___________________________ elect officials - Three social classes: ________________________________________________________________________________________ 4 Chapter 5 Classical Greece Spartan Daily Life - Spartan values: ______________________________________________________________________________ over freedom - Sparta has the most powerful ____________________ in Greece - Males move into barracks at ________________, train until ____________, serve until ____________ - Girls receive ______________________________________________________________________ and live hardy lives - Girls also taught to value service to _________________________ above all else The Persian Wars A New Kind of Army Emerges - Cheaper iron replaces ___________________________________, making arms and armor cheaper - Leads to new kind of army; includes soldiers from __________________________ - Phalanx—feared by all, __________________________________________________________________________________ Battle at Marathon - Persian Wars—between ____________________________________________________________—begin in Ionia - Persian army attacks ________________________, is defeated at Marathon in 490 B.C. Pheidippides Brings News - Runner Pheidippides _______________________________________________ to announce Greek victory Thermopylae and Salamis - In 480 B.C., Persians launch _____________________________________________ of Greece - Greeks are __________________________; many stay _________________________ or side with Persians - Greek forces hold Thermopylae for three days before retreating - Athenians defeat Persians at sea, near island of Salamis - Victories at Salamis and Plataea force Persian _____________________ - Many city-states form _____________________________________________ and continue to fight Persians 5 Chapter 5 Classical Greece Consequences of the Persian Wars - New _________________________________________________ in Greece due to victory - Athens emerges as ______________________ of Delian League - Athens controls the league by ____________________________________ against opponents - League members essentially become ____________________________ of Athenian empire - Stage is set for a dazzling _______________________________________________________________ in Athens Section 3: Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age Pericles’ Plan for Athens Pericles as Leader - Skillful _______________________, inspiring _____________________, respected ____________________________ - Dominates life in Athens from ________________________________ Stronger Democracy - Pericles hires more public officials; creates _________________________________________________ - Direct democracy—citizens rule directly, not through ______________________________________ Athenian Empire - Takes over Delian League; uses _______________________ to strengthen Athenian fleet - ___________________ and other cities resent Athenian power Glorifying Athens - Pericles buys _______________________________________; hires artisans to _____________________ Athens 6 Chapter 5 Classical Greece Glorious Art and Architecture Architecture and Sculpture - Pericles builds the ________________________________—a large temple to honor goddess Athena - Within temple, sculptor Phidias crafts __________________________________________________________________ - Sculptors create graceful, strong, perfectly formed figures - Classical art—values ________________________________________________________________________________________ Drama and History Tragedy and Comedy - Greeks invent __________________ as an art form; includes _________________________________________________ - Two forms of drama: _______________________________________________ - Tragedy—tells story of heroes’ _____________________; themes of __________________________________________ - Comedy—makes fun of ____________________ and respected _________________; slapstick __________________ - Greek dramatists include Aeschylus, Euripides, Aristophanes History - Historians Herodotus and Thucydides ____________________________________________________________________ Athenians and Spartans Go to War War Begins - 431 B.C. city-states Sparta and Athens at war—_____________________________________________ 7 Chapter 5 Classical Greece Peloponnesian War - Sparta has better ________________, Athens has better _____________________ - __________________________ strikes Athens in 430 B.C., kills many—including ________________________ - Sparta and Athens sign ___________________ in 421 B.C. Sparta Gains Victory - 415 B.C. Athens _________________________, attacks Syracruse; is defeated in 413 B.C. - Athens and allies _____________________ to Sparta in 404 B.C. Philosophers Search for Truth Rise of Great Philosophers - After the war, rise of philosophers—thinkers, __________________________________________________ - Believe __________________________ is subject to absolute and unchanging laws - People could understand these laws through _______________________________________ - Sophist philosopher Protagoras questions the _____________________________________________________ Socrates - Socrates—believes in _______________________________________________________________________________________ - Convicted of _________________________________________________________; sentenced to ____________ in 399 B.C. Plato - ________________—student of Socrates; writes The Republic—an ideal society - In 387 B.C., establishes Athens school, the Academy; lasts __________________________ - His writings dominate European philosophy for ____________________________ Aristotle - Aristotle—student of Plato; uses ____________________________________ for argument - His work provides the basis for ___________________________________________, still used today - Tutors 13-year-old prince who becomes ________________________________________________ 8 Chapter 5 Classical Greece Section 4: Alexander’s Empire Philip Builds Macedonian Power Macedonia - Macedonia—kingdom of mountain villages north of Greece - King Philip II—ruler, _______________________________________; dreams of controlling Greece - Macedonians call themselves ____________________; rest of Greece ______________________________ Philip’s Army - Philip creates well-trained _____________________________________________; plans to invade Greece Conquest of Greece - 338 B.C. Macedonians defeat Greece; 336 B.C. King Philip __________________________ - His son named king of Macedonia—becomes __________________________________________ Alexander Defeats Persia Alexander’s Early Life - Tutored by ______________________; inspired by the Iliad; has military training - Becomes king when ___________________________________; destroys Thebes to curb rebellion Invasion of Persia - 334 B.C. Alexander invades ____________________; quick victory at Granicus River - Darius III—king of Persia, assembles army of __________________________________________ - Alexander defeats Persians again, forces King of Persia to ___________________ 9 Chapter 5 Classical Greece Conquering the Persian Empire - Alexander marches into Egypt, crowned ______________________________ in 332 B.C. - At Gaugamela in Mesopotamia, Alexander defeats Persians again - Alexander captures cities of Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis - Persepolis, the Persian capital, _____________________________________________________ - Ashes of Persepolis signal total destruction of Persian Empire Alexander’s Other Conquests Alexander in India - Alexander fights his way ____________________________________________________ of Central Asia to India - Alexander conquers Indus Valley area in 326 B.C. Reluctantly returns to Babylon, dies in 323 B.C. Alexander’s Legacy - Alexander melds Greek and Persian cultures; wife is Persian - Empire becomes three kingdoms: • (1) Macedonia, Greek city-states; • (2) Egypt; • (3) old Persia, also known as Seleucid kingdom Section 5: The Spread of Hellenistic Culture Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria - Result of Alexander’s policies—__________________________________________________________________ - ______________________________ culture—Greek blended with Egyptian, Persian, Indian Trade and Cultural Diversity - ________________________________________—Egyptian city becomes center of Hellenistic civilization 10 Chapter 5 Classical Greece Alexandria’s Attractions - Lighthouse, called the Pharos, stands over ________________________________ - Museum contains ____________________________________________________________________________________________ - Library holds masterpieces of ___________________________________________; supports scholars Science and Technology Alexandria’s Scholars - Scholars preserve Greek and Egyptian learning in the __________________________________ Astronomy - Astronomer Aristarchus proves ______________________________________________________________ - Proposes _____________________________________________________; not accepted for __________________________ - Eratosthenes uses geometry to calculate Earth’s __________________________________________ Mathematics and Physics - Euclid—mathematician; Elements the basis for courses in geometry - Archimedes—scientist; ideas help build ________________________________________________________________ Philosophy and Art Stoicism and Epicureanism - Zeno founds Stoic school; promoted ____________________________________________________________________ - Epicurus believes people should focus on what ___________________________________________________ Realism in Sculpture - _______________________________________________________—Hellenistic bronze sculpture over 100 feet tall - Sculptors move to non-classical, natural forms; __________________________________________ 11
