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Exploration Study Guide Why Explore? Europeans wanted silk, spices, and gold that merchants brought from China and other Asian countries Trading and exploring brought adventure and money to people’s lives Marco Polo found a land route to China, but travel was difficult Europeans searched for a sea route New technologies and navigational tools such as the astrolabe, compass, improved maps, and better ship designs made it easier to search for water routes to Asia Major Explorers Bartolomeu Dias Christopher Columbus John Cabot Year: 1487 Country: Portugal Goal: Explore coast of West Africa Accomplishments: A fierce storm blew ships off course. After the storm, he realized he had sailed around the southern tip of Africa, he paved the way for other explorers to sail around the tip of Africa to India Year: 1492 Country: Spain (King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella) Goal: Find a route to Asia by sailing West, make money from gold and spices, spread Catholic religion Accomplishments: Landed in presentday San Salvador, explored the region so other sailors and merchants could follow his route and trade people, animals, and plants (Columbian Exchange) Impact on Natives: Brought disease, enslaved native people, began to cut down rainforests to grow crops Year: 1497 Country: England Goal: Reach Asia by sailing across the Atlantic Ocean Accomplishments: Reached and explored Canada, found rich fishing areas so a fishing industry developed, Europeans began to send more explorers to search these waters for a passage to Asia Vasco de Gama Vasco Nunez Balboa Juan Ponce de Leon Year: 1498 Country: Portugal Goal: Find a sea route to India Accomplishments: Ships reached the Indian port of Calicut by sailing around the Southern tip of Africa, other sailors began to use his route to India for spice trading Year: 1513 Country: Spain Goal: Explore Central and South America Accomplishments: Crossed South American jungles overland and reached the Pacific Ocean, changed the way Europeans thought North and South American looked Year: 1513 Country: Spain Goal: Search for gold and the “Fountain of Youth” Accomplishments: Explored presentday Florida Ferdinand Magellan Hernán Cortes Jacques Cartier Year: 1519 Country: Spain Goal: Sail west, go around South America, cross the Pacific Ocean, and return to Spain Accomplishments: Only one ship of the original five returned to Spain in 1522, Magellan’s crew was the first to circumnavigate the world Year: 1519 Country: Spain Goal: Lead an expedition to presentday Mexico to find gold Accomplishments: Conquered the Aztec people, other conquistadors explored Central and South America to find more gold and treasures Impact on Natives: Brought disease, enslaved native people, forced the Aztecs to leave their capital city Year: 1534 Country: France Goal: Find a water route to Asia Accomplishments: Explored the St. Lawrence River Exploration Study Guide Henry Hudson Samuel de Champlain Year: 1609 and 1610 Country: Netherlands and England Goal: Search for the “Northwest Passage” – a water route to Asia through North America Accomplishments: Explored Hudson Bay and Hudson River, allowed Dutch and English to make claims on land in these regions Year: 1608 Country: France Goal: Find a water route to Asia Accomplishments: Founded the first permanent French settlement in North America (Quebec), Europeans began to come to this region to trade furs New Spain Spain began to settle colonies in North and Central America – called these colonies New Spain The goals of the Spanish settlers were to... o Find valuable minerals like gold and silver o Start missions to teach the Catholic religion to American Indians o To start successful farms to grow crops like squash, corn, and beans Spanish colonists enslaved and overworked the American Indians in mines and on farms slaves from Africa were brought to North America to work Some colonists asked the Spanish rulers to make laws to end mistreatment of the American Indians, but these laws did not work very well New England Roanoke Colony (present-day North Carolina) Colonists could not adapt to the environment – the colony failed Jamestown (present-day Virginia) At first, Jamestown colonists could not adapt to the environment o Land was swampy so people could not farm o Insects carried disease that made them sick o The unhealthy water made them sick Later, Captain John Smith helped the colonists adapt to their environment o Used trees to build fences and shelters o Dug wells for water o Traded with Native Americans for food o Grew tobacco – a cash crop that they sold for a lot of money in England. This money was used to buy food and supplies Pilgrims (present-day Massachusetts) Came to North America for religious freedom – different from others who came to buy and sell goods Had trouble because they could not farm in their new environment American Indians helped them Massachusetts Bay Colony (present-day Massachusetts) Puritans who came to North America for religious freedom Came prepared with many people, cattle, and with enough time to plant crops – very successful colony! New France French settlers built colonies in present-day Canada The climate in Canada was very cold and not good for farming French settlers based their economy on fishing, hunting, and trapping animals for their fur French trappers traded with American Indians These Europeans adapted their lifestyles to take advantage of the physical environment