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CELL PROCESSES
SEPTEMBER 2015
CELL PROCESSES
• A CELL must undergo certain processes in order to
ensure the survival of the organism as a whole.
• Each cell in your body is constantly taking in
nutrients, getting rid of wastes, producing
substances needed by other cells, releasing energy
and reproducing.
NUTRITION
NUTRITION- taking materials into
the cell that provide energy and
are needed for growth
DIGESTION
• DIGESTION- nutrients are broken down (by
enzymes) to be used by the cells
• The primary sites of intracellular digestion are
organelles known as the lysosomes, which are
membrane-bounded compartments containing a
variety of enzymes.
RESPIRATION
• All organisms, including plants and animals, break
down simple sugars into carbon dioxide and water
and release energy.
• The cell uses the energy to build, repair, and
reproduce cells.
• Respiration occurs in the mitochondria of cells.
RESPIRATION
• RESPIRATION- using oxygen to release energy from
food
• Cellular respiration allows organisms to use (release) energy
stored in the chemical bonds of glucose (C6H12O6). The energy
in glucose is used to produce ATP. Cells use ATP to supply their
energy needs. Cellular respiration is therefore a process in
which the energy in glucose is transferred to ATP.
• Cellular respiration takes place in all cells.
mitochondria
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Plants use light energy (for example sunlight) to
combine carbon dioxide and water to make simple
sugars.
• Plant cells also release oxygen gas.
• Once the sugars are formed, they are either used by
the plant or stored in the vacuoles.
• Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Photosynthesis is the process of converting light
energy to chemical energy and storing it in the
bonds of sugar. This process occurs in plants and
some algae. Plants need only light energy, CO2,
and H2O to make sugar. The process of
photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts,
specifically using chlorophyll, the green pigment
involved in photosynthesis.
RESPIRATION
Table 1.
Comparison of photosynthesis and respiration
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Produces sugars from light energy
Stores energy
Occurs only in cells with chloroplasts
Releases oxygen
Uses water
Uses carbon dioxide
Requires light
Burns sugars for energy
Releases energy
Occurs in most cells
Uses oxygen
Produces water
Produces carbon dioxide
Occurs in dark and light
EXCRETION
• EXCRETION- removing wastes from the cell (involves
getting rid of unwanted or toxic substances)
SECRETION
• SECRETION- making and giving off useful chemical
compounds (involves producing substances that
are necessary for the cell to function such as
enzymes and hormones)
MITOSIS
• Cell reproduction is called mitosis and occurs
in the nucleus of the cell.
• Mitosis enables a cell to make an exact copy
of it.
• Mitosis is a process of cell division, which
results in the production of two daughter cells
from a single parent cell.
• The daughter cells are identical to one
another and to the original parent cell.
• Mitosis is needed for growth, replacement,
and Asexual reproduction.
REPRODUCTION
• REPRODUCTION- when the cell divides to produce
more of its own kind
Plant cells showing different stages of mitosis
Binary fission in bacteria