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Zwingli
• In Zürich, Switzerland, Ulrich
Zwingli was influential in
reforming the Catholic
Church.
• His Protestant movement
spread through Switzerland.
John Calvin
• Calvin believed in an all-powerful
God and the idea of
predestination—the belief that
God had predestined some
people to be saved (the elect).
• Faith revealed by living a
righteous life, work ethic
• Calvin’s ideas led to the rise of
Calvinism, which soon became
more popular than Lutheranism.
•
Rooted in Politics
King Henry VIII
• Established the Church of England when
the pope refused to annul his marriage
to Catherine of Aragon.
• The Act of Supremacy of 1534 declared
the king of England the official head of
religious doctrine, with control over
discipline, clerical appointments, and
breaking ties with the pope.
• Henry’s Church of England was very
similar to Catholicism
Mary I
• In 1553, Henry’s daughter,
Mary, came to power
•
Attempted to restore Roman
Catholicism
•
Her efforts, including the
burning of more than 300
Protestants, earned her the
nickname of “Bloody Mary.”
Elizabeth I
• Established the Anglican Church as the
national church of England
• Is tolerant of religious dissenters (those
who disagreed with the break from the
Catholic Church)
• Commissioned the 39 Articles
• Philip II of Spain tried to invade England
to restore Catholicism to the island
nation.
• In 1588, the Spanish armada was
defeated by the faster English ships.
Portrait of Elizabeth commemorating the defeat of the Spanish
Armada (1588), depicted in the background. Elizabeth's hand rests
on the globe, symbolizing her international power.
• The Reformation had its roots in disagreements about theology,
but it led to important economic and political changes.
Religious differences and hatreds caused war and destruction.
Reformation in Germany
• Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism,
ending the authority of the Pope in their states.
• The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy Roman
Empire continued to support the Roman Catholic Church.
• Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in
devastating wars (e.g., Thirty Years’ War).
Reformation in France
• After more than 30 years of war between Catholics and
Protestants, the Catholic monarchy granted Protestant
Huguenots freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes.
• Cardinal Richelieu exploited the religious conflict (Thirty Years’
War) for political ends.
Catholic Reformation
Counter-Reformation:
• The Council of Trent reaffirmed most
Church doctrine and practices.
• The Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) was
founded by Ignatius of Loyola to spread
Catholic doctrine around the world.
• The Inquisition was used to reinforce
Catholic doctrine.
Exit Ticket
John Calvin, a French theologian, advocated that God had preordained the fate of
all people. This was called
A nirvana.
B reincarnation.
C predestination.
D karma
The Anglican Church became a national church throughout the British Isles
under
A.
Henry VIII.
B.
Elizabeth I.
C.
Charles V.
D.
Philip II.
The Edict of Nantes granted freedom of worship to the—
A.
Huguenots
B.
Lutherans
C.
Calvinists
D.
Jesuits
Why did the Catholic Church start the Inquisition?
A.
To praise Protestant reformers
B.
To convert the Native Americans to Catholicism
C.
To punish priests for selling indulgences
D.
To reinforce Catholic doctrine
Impact on Western Civilization
At first, the Reformation divided the countries of Europe on
religious principles, leading to religious intolerance.
Power in most European states was concentrated in the monarch.
Gradually, religious toleration emerged.
Changing cultural values, traditions,
and philosophies
• Growth of secularism
• Growth of individualism
• Eventual growth of religious tolerance
Role of the Printing Press
• Growth of literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg printing
press.
• The Bible was printed in English, French, and German.
• These factors had an important impact on spreading the ideas of
the Reformation and the Renaissance