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Technology of the Civil War Presentation by Alex Cardozo GPS SS8H6 b. Research Question Cause and Effect: How did the Union use old and new technological advances to its advantage to win the Civil War? Navy—Ironclad Ships • South built the S.S. Virginia out of an older steam ship to try and break the blockade of the “Anaconda Plan” • Union built the Monitor as a counter to the rumors that the South had an “iron boat” • These made wood-and-sail ships obsolete • While the S.S. Virginia attacked mostly by ramming, the Monitor had a rotating turret cannon. – This allowed for a large range of fire while allowing only a small target. Navy—Powering the Watercraft Type of Ship Ship with sails Ship with sails and steam engine Ship with steam engine only Advantage or Disadvantage Advantage Disadvantag e Advantage Disadvantag e Advantage Disadvantage Advantages or Disadvantages Could sail long distances and could carry spare sails. Needed wind and did not have a lot of speed and precision. Could sail for long distances, and use the steam engine for close-up speed and precision. If one type of power could not work, then the other could be used. When sailing, steam equipment was dead weight, and vice versa. You would need people who could sail and people who could work the engine. Speedy, maneuverable, and the later models’ propellers were mush harder to hit than paddle wheels and sails. Earlier model’s wheels were easy targets and the engine needed coal to function. Aeronauts—Balloons These were hot air balloons. Used for: • aerial reconnaissance—accurate maps • directing artillery from above • spotting armies while miles in the air (innovator Lowe spotted a rumored Confederate army near Manassas) • Distraction—many soldiers didn’t know what these were, so they were often trying to shoot them or puzzling about them Aeronauts—Physics Since balloons were giant motionless bags filled with flammable gas, they would seem like easy targets, but not necessarily… The thing about balloons is that they can float thousands of feet in the air, easily out the range of an ordinary rifle or cannon. They can do this because they are filled with a substance that is less dense than air (hydrogen, in this example), like how a bag of oxygen floats in water because oxygen is less dense than water. The reason no bullet or cannonball could hit a balloon was projectile motion. Two forces combine to create projectile motion: gravity and the force that originally moved the object. If there was no gravity, the bullets and cannon fire would fly straight into the balloon. But since we do have gravity, all the projectiles fell to the ground before hitting anything. Actual projectile motion • GPS S8P1 d. • GPS S8P3 b. Land Torpedoes (Land Mines) • While Confederate soldiers retreated to Richmond after the Peninsular Campaign, the covered their escape by burying 8 and 10-inch bombs in the ground, exploding at a touch. • These killed and wounded soldiers, but also—most importantly—panicked people as they puzzled over these “invisible weapons”. North’s Industrialization The North had many factories, which provided many options for mass-production. This gave a huge advantage over the homemade Southern force. Another advantage the Union had was its rails. The Union had at least twice as much railroad mileage than the Confederation, allowing for easy supply and troop delivering on the Northern side. Railroads • Used to transport soldiers and supplies (guns, food rations, medicine, sleeping equipment) • Confederate saboteurs broke rails by bending them and putting them around trees. • Naturally, the Union started recruiting track repair teams. • Different sizes of track created difficulties. • At one point, several railroads sent 20,000 men and 3,000 horses to Chattanooga, TN. The Telegraph • Instantaneous messaging system • Set up all over the country, so someone could communicate with someone else who is across the country. • Used the Morse Code (converted letters and numbers into dots and dashes) • Pres. Lincoln used this to get eyewitness accounts of every battle. • Could be used to communicate strategies to armies and prep railroads for incoming loads. The Telegraph—Secret Codes • The Union used “sets” of code for its encrypted messages; the first word in the message would determine which set would be used to decipher it. For good measure, other nonsensical phrases were peppered in to confuse rival codebreakers. `Southern interceptors could not crack the codes of these messages, so they published them in local newspapers, in hopes that a civilian could. • The South used a cipher code system, where you simply would switch all characters with others with a wheel. These were easy to break, so Northern codebreakers decided to feed false information (posing as Southern telegraphers) to the South while simultaneously getting the true intel. What have we learned? • The Union used steam and ironclad ships to keep up a blockade. • Balloons were used to draw maps and to get a bird’s-eye view of the battlefield. • The Confederation buried artillery shells as land mines. • The Union had a huge industrial advantage over its opponent. • The North also the railroad advantage, which was crucial transportation of supplies and soldiers. • The telegraph was used on both sides to send and intercept messages. Standards we have learned • GPS SS8H6 b. State the importance of key events of the Civil War; include Antietam, the Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia’s coast, Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea, and Andersonville. • GPS S8P1 d. Distinguish between physical and chemical properties of matter as physical (i.e., • density, melting point, boiling point) or chemical (i.e., reactivity, combustibility). • GPS S8P3 b. Demonstrate the effect of balanced and unbalanced forces on an object in terms of • gravity, inertia, and friction. Conclusion How did the Union use old and new technological advances to its advantage to win the Civil War? The Union used many inventions to gain an advantage in, and to win the war, like the telegraph, railroad, steam engine, and hot air balloon. Bibliography These are all the sources of my information, and I’d like to thank them. • • • • Gaddy, David W. "SCARD- CRYPTOGRAPHY HOME PAGE." SCARD- CRYPTOGRAPHY HOME PAGE. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015. Andrews, Evan. "8 Unusual Civil War Weapons." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 09 Apr. 2013. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. Allen, Thomas B., and Roger MacBride Allen. Mr. Lincoln's High-tech War: How the North Used the Telegraph, Railroads, Surveillance Balloons, Ironclads, Highpowered Weapons, and More to Win the Civil War. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2009. Print. 23 Jan. 2015 Green, James L. "Civil War Ballooning During the Seven Days Campaign." Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. Bye! Thanks for listening!