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Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance Recessive Genetic Disorders A recessive trait is expressed when the individual is homozygous recessive for the trait. Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance Cystic Fibrosis Affects the mucus-producing glands, digestive enzymes, and sweat glands Chloride ions are not absorbed into the cells of a person with cystic fibrosis but are excreted in the sweat. Without sufficient chloride ions in the cells, a thick mucus is secreted. Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance Albinism Caused by altered genes, resulting in the absence of the skin pigment melanin in hair and eyes White hair Very pale skin Pink pupils Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance Tay-Sachs Disease Caused by the absence of the enzymes responsible for breaking down fatty acids called gangliosides Gangliosides accumulate in the brain, inflating brain nerve cells and causing mental deterioration. Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance Galactosemia Recessive genetic disorder characterized by the inability of the body to digest galactose. Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance Dominant Genetic Disorders Huntington’s disease affects the nervous system. Achondroplasia is a genetic condition that causes small body size and limbs that are comparatively short. Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance Pedigrees A diagram that traces the ______________ of a particular trait through several generations Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance Inferring Genotypes Knowing _________traits can determine what genes an individual is most likely to have. Predicting Disorders Record keeping helps scientists use pedigree analysis to study inheritance patterns, determine phenotypes, and ascertain ___________. Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance Incomplete Dominance The ____________phenotype is an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygous phenotypes. Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance Codominance Both _______are expressed in the ____________condition. Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance Sickle-cell Disease Normal red blood cell Changes in ____________ cause red blood cells to change to a sickle shape. People who are _____________for the trait have both normal and sickle-shaped cells. Sickle cell 7766x Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance Multiple Alleles Blood groups in humans _______blood groups have three forms of alleles. Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance Coat Color of Rabbits Multiple alleles can demonstrate a hierarchy of ____________. In rabbits, four alleles code for coat color: C, cch, ch, and c. Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance Coat Color of Rabbits Chinchilla Albino Light gray Dark gray Himalayan Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance Epistasis _____________________________________ _____________________________________ ____________________________ eebb eeB_ No dark pigment present in fur E_bb E_B_ Dark pigment present in fur Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance Sex Determination ___ ___________determine an individual’s gender. Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance Dosage Compensation The __ chromosome carries a variety of genes that are necessary for the development of both females and males. The ___ chromosome mainly has _____ that relate to the development of male characteristics. Chromosome inactivation _____ bodies Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance Sex-Linked Traits Genes located on the X chromosome __________ color blindness ____________ Sex-Linked Traits Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance Polygenic Traits _______________ arise from the interaction of multiple pairs of genes. Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance Environmental Influences Environmental factors Diet and exercise Sunlight and water Temperature Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance Twin Studies Helps scientists separate genetic contributions from ______________contributions Traits that appear frequently in identical twins are at least partially controlled by heredity. Traits expressed differently in identical twins are strongly influenced by ______________. Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.3 Chromosomes and Human Heredity Karyotype Studies ____________—micrograph in which the pairs of homologous chromosomes are arranged in decreasing size. Images of _____________stained during metaphase Chromosomes are arranged in decreasing size to produce a ___________. Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.3 Chromosomes and Human Heredity Telomeres ___________ caps consist of DNA associated with proteins. Serves a ___________function for the structure of the chromosome Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity 11.3 Chromosomes and Human Heredity Nondisjunction Cell division during which _________chromatids fail to separate properly Down syndrome