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Transcript
Group 1
Athens: by 700 bce, Athens had established a unified polis on the peninsula of Attica. Early
Athens was a monarchy, but fell under control of aristocrats, and citizens possessed few
powers. Economic decline caused the aristocrats to designate Solon as the leader. Solon did
things to I,prove the economy, but did not actually fix the problem. It eventually developed into a
tyranny, against Solon's wishes. Then Pisistratus seized power, and was popular, but his son
was rebelled against. Cleisthenes, another aristocrat, seized power and created the all male
Council of Five Hundred, which handled the treasury and proposed laws. This laid the
foundation for democracy. During the fight with Persia, Athens created a navy which was the
key factor in Greece winning the war. After the war, Athens started developing an empire, and
had great accomplishments, which provoked Sparta.
Sparta: Located in the southeastern Peloponnesus, Sparta, faced the need for new land just like
other Greek states. Spartans took war very seriously. At the age of seven, boys were taken from
their mothers and put under the control of the state. They lived in military style barracks, along
with harsh discipline. At age twenty, Spartan males were enrolled in the army for regular military
service. Allowed to marry, they continued to live in the barracks and ate the public meals
provided to them. Age thirty, Spartan males were now allowed to vote in the assembly and they
are now able to live at home but must remain in military service until the age of sixty. Due to the
speciation between the women and men, freedom of movement was more of a thing. Women
were encouraged to exercise in the nude (like the men) and remain fit to raise the children. The
Lycurgan reforms also organized the Spartan government, this created an oligarchy. Two kings
were responsible for military affairs and served as the leaders of the Spartan army on its
campaigns. An election was held each year to elect ephors, group of five men. Sparta citizens
were discouraged from studying certain areas in scarce of new thoughts and ideas. A Greek
force numberings close to 9000 men under the Spartan king and his 300 Spartans, held off the
Persian army for several days.
Pelopennesian War: The Greeks were divided into two main factions: the Spartans and the
Athenian Empire. The Athenians wanted to stay behind their walls surrounding Athens while
their navy kept them supplied. The Spartans wanted to draw the Athenians out so that they
would win. The Spartans had superior skills in open battles. During the battle, a plague wiped
out about a 1/3 of Athens' population, including their leader, Pericles. The battle was finally won
when the Spartans tore down Athens' wall and disbanded their navy. Athens surrendered.
Group 2
Sparta - Located in southeastern Peloponnesus. - They needed more land. - Conquered neighboring
nations such as the Laconians. - Used servants called the helots to work for them. - Sparta became a
military state. - Studies of arts not related to war were not allowed. - Controlled by an oligarchy of two
kings. - Athens - Established unified polis on the peninsula of Attica. - Early Athens was ruled by a
monarchy. - Was controlled by aristocrats in the 7th century. - Faced political turmoil as a result of
economic problems. - An Athenian assembly was given final authority on the passing of laws after free
and open debate. - The Pelopennesian - After the defeat of the Persians, the Greek world was divided
into two camps. - Sparta and Athens - They were very different societies and eventually led to war.
Group 3
Sparta
-was located in the southeast of the mainland
-sought to conquer neighboring lands to support itself rather than colonization
-reformed into a military state after captured people threatened to revolt
-"The Lycurgus Reforms" gave rise to the well known 'spartan lifestyle' consisting of rigidly
controlled military type service from an early age to 60 for males
-Spartan women held much more power than their counterparts in other states and for the most
part upheld similar values to the men
-The state was led by two kings and a council of elders, there were also 5 elected officials who
were tasked with educating the youth
Athens
- by 700 BCE Athens had established a unified polis on the peninsula of Attica.
- By this time Athens had fallen under control of its aristocrats.
- The aristocrats had the best land and controlled political life by means of a council of nobles
and a board of 9 officials called archons.
- Near the end of the seventh century BCE Athens faced economic problems.
- Farmers were sold into slavery
- In 594 BCE the ruling aristocrats responded to the crisis by giving power to make changes to
Solon (a reform minded aristocrat)
- Solon cancelled debts, outlawed loans based on humans as collateral, and freed those who
fell to slavery
- However Solon's reforms did not solve Athen's problems
- Eventually the strife led to tyranny
- Athenians rebelled against pisistratus' son and ended tyranny in 510 BCE
- Cleisthenes created the council of 5 hundred to watch over foreign affairs and the treasury and
propose laws that would be voted on by the committee. (All males)
- The reforms of Cleisthenes had created the foundations for the Athenian democracy.
The Great Peloponnesian War
-40 years after the defeat of the Persians, the Greek world was split into Sparta and its allies,
and the Athenian maritime empire.
-a series of disputes lead to an outbreak of war in 431 B.C.E
-at the beginning of war, both sides believed that they had winning strategies. The Athenians
planned to remain behind the walls of Athens while its navy and overseas empire kept them
supplied
-Pericles was aware that the Spartans could beat Athens in open battles -Spartans attacked
Athens outside the walls, trying to lure their army out. The Athens stayed put.
-In the second year of war, a plague broke out and killed one third of Athens. Pericles died in
429 B.C.E. Although it was a major loss for Athens, they kept fighting for 27 more years.
-a crushing blow occurred when the Athenian fleet was destroyed at Aegospotami in 404 B.C.E.
This was the end of the Athenian empire, and the air.
-the war weakened the Greek states and started new alliances among them.
-the next 70 years is sorry efforts by Sparta, Athens, and Thebes, a new Greek power, to
dominate affairs.
-The Greeks remained oblivious to the growing power of Macedonia in the north.
Group 4
Ancient and Classical Greece Day 2

Sparta:
o Sparta is more into taking over places rather than founding their own.
o Spartans brought up the idea of "The Lycurgus Reforms" which made the
Spartans more controlled and instituted higher discipline mostly in the military.
They also shifted Sparta to more of an Oligarchy.
o The government was organized with two kings over the military. Five men (over
the age of 60) known as "ephors" we're responsible for education. And two kings
and 28 males were responsible for deciding on issues presented to them.
o Ex: boys taken at 7 and shipped to military barracks to be harshly disciplined.
o The men could marry, yet they couldn't leave the barracks. The women took care
of the children, and had a very high power in the home.

Athens:
o 700 B.C.E. – established a unified polis in Attica.

Ruled by aristocrats by the 7th century.

Possessed the best land.

Assembly of citizens with limited power.

Economic issues by end of 7th century.

Indebted farmers with no recourse were sold into slavery.
o 560 B.C.E. – Aristocrats gave power to Solon.

Solon cancelled land debts and freed enslaved farmers.

He did not, however, redistribute the land to it’s original owners.
o 510 B.C.E. – Solon’s son rebelled against him, ending the tyranny.
o Cleisthenes created the Council of Five Hundred to supervise foreign affairs and
the treasury, the assembly, and the foundation of Democracy.
o Cleisthenes insures laws were voted on by the assembly.


Assembly was made up of male citizens.

Final decision-making power lay with the Assembly.

The Assembly was the central part of the Athenian political system.
Peloponnesian War:
o Sparta vs. Athens
o 431 B.C.E. – controversy lead to war.

Athenians stayed behind protective walls in the early stages of the war.

During the second year of the war, a plague wiped out 1/3rd of the
population.
o 429 B.C.E. – Pericles dies.

Athenian fleet destroyed at Aegospotami.
o 404 B.C.E. – Athens surrenders.

Defensive walls torn down.

Athenian empire vanquished.
o Peloponnesian war resulted in weakened major Greek city-states.
Group 5
Sparta- Located in southern Peloponnesus Conquered neighboring laconians and in 730 BCE undertook
the conquest of neighboring Messenia. Conscious decision to make military state Historians believed
that the Lycurgan reforms took black between 800 and 600 BCE Made Spartan life rigidly controlled
Males were disciplined by the state from a young age living in military barracks for most of their
life.(stayed in military service until the age of 60) Women were left at home, had freedom to move
around, encouraged to exercise, and had more liberties than most of Greek woman. The reforms
reorganized the government into an oligarchy 2 kings were left in charge of military affairs, a group of 5
men(ephors) elected each year that were in charge of eduction of youth and conduct of citizens, council
of elders composed of two kings and twenty eight male citizens(only voted did not debate) Persia As the
Greeks gained more land they got closer and closer to Persia. They later got involved into a war and
even later after that won the war. Athenian empire After the war the Athenians took over the Greek
world. Athens- Unified polis 700 BCE(peninsula of Attica) seventh century BCE fallen under control of its
aristocrats Solon canceled land debts, outlawed loans based on humans as collateral, and freed people
who fell into slavery. Cleisthenes created council of five hundred to supervise foreign affairs, treasury,
and propose laws. Peoloponnesian war Between Sparta and the Athenians Culture of classical Greece
Persian war was regarded as first real history in western civilization Thucydides wrote about the
peoloponnesian war Plays originated with the Greeks Chorus was all males
Group 6
Sparta:
-located in south eastern Peloponnesus (a land mass connected to
Greece by a small straight pathway)
-needed more farmland so it conquered its neighbors Laconia and
Messenia.
-Laconians and Messenians considered helots; slaves/captured
people
-created the Lycurgus reforms
-boys were taken from their mothers at age 7 and trained as military
men
-at 20 Everyman was enrolled in the army and could marry but
couldn't leave the barracks. At 30 they could vote and live elsewhere
but were still a part of the army until age 60
-women had a lot of power. More than anywhere else at this time.
Women were also allowed to compete in sports with men.
-spartan government was an oligarchy
-a group of five men called ephors were elected every year and were
responsible for the education and conduct of all citizens.
-the council of elders included 2 kings and 28 men over the age of
60. It decided the issues of the land and how they will be dealt with.
-the art of war was the only thing studied but the people. All other
studies were frowned upon.
Peloponnesian war:
The conflict between Athens and Sparta ultimately lead to the
downfall of Classical Greek society.
At the beginning of the war, both sides believed they had winning
strategies.
Athenians during war:
-Planned to remain behind the protective walls of Athens while the
overseas empire and the navy would keep them supplied.
-Plague devasted the crowded city of Athens and wiped out onethird of the population.
-Pericles died which was considered a severe loss to Athens.
-Continued fighting for 27 years.
-Finally, the Athenian fleet was destroyed at Aegospotami on the
Hellespont.
-Athens surrendered. The walls torn down , and the navy was
disbanded.
After the war :
-The Peloponnesian War weakened the major Greek states and led
to new alliances among them.
-Greeks remained oblivious to the growing power of Macedonia to
their north.
Group 7