Download Chapter 4 Modern Genetics

Chapter 4 Modern Genetics
Human Inheritance
-Many ___________________are controlled by
a ______________with_______________: one
dominant and one recessive.
*Examples: __________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
-Others human traits are controlled by ________
________ with _____________________.
*This means ___________________ alleles
exist for a trait.
*However, you still __________________
_______________.
*Example: _________________________
-_____________ are involved: _____________
-A and B are ________________ (co-dominant)
-O is _______________
-Blood type A can have genotypes __________
-Blood type B can have genotypes __________
-Blood type AB can have only genotype ______
-Blood type O can have only genotype ______
-Finally, a lot of human traits are controlled by
______________ that act together. This is called,
________________________.
*Examples: eye, skin, and hair color, fingerprints,
height, weight, body build and shape of eyes, lips
and ears.
The Sex Chromosomes
-______________ of chromosomes determines the
_________________________.
-The ____________ chromosome in the pair is the _____
chromosome. The __________ is the ______.
*______ = male
*______ = female
-___________ from a female contain only ____
chromosomes.
-___________from a male can contain either an ____
or a ______. So it is the ___________ who determines
the sex of the child depending on which sperm cell
fertilizes the egg.
Sex-Linked Traits
-The sex chromosomes carry genes that _____________
___________________________.
-They also carry genes that determine _______________.
-These traits are usually ________________________
because they are carried on the X chromosome. The
matching gene on the Y chromosome is missing.
-They are called ______________________.
-Examples: _______________________________
Punnett Squares with Sex-Linked Traits
-Example: Color-blind Male marries a Normal Female
X cY
x XX
_______ of their kids will
be color-blind. However,
any ________ they have
will be a ___________.
Human Genetic Disorders
-A __________________ is an abnormal condition that a
person ______________.
-Information for the disorder is ____________________
just like other genetic information.
-Examples:
*__________________--genetic disorder in which
the body produces too much ___________ in the
lungs and intestine. It is ____________________.
_________ Caucasians carry a recessive allele. It is
caused by a ______________in the DNA molecule.
*__________________--genetic disorder in which
red blood cells have an unusual _______________.
RBC’s can’t carry as much __________ and can
______________. The allele is ________________
with the normal so you must have ____________ to
produce __________ sickle-shaped RBC’s. More
common in __________________ (1/400)
*_________________--genetic disorder in which
___________________ or ______________. It is a
homozygous recessive _________________ carried
on the _____ chromosome. So it is ____________
___________ than women.
*________________--caused by an ___________
chromosome. Results in some degree of ________
______________. Heart defects and other physical
conditions are also common.
Pedigrees
-A ____________ is a chart that tracks which members
of a family have a particular trait.
-The trait can be an _________________ or a
_____________________.
-These are the symbols used on a Pedigree chart.
= female ______ the trait being studied
= female _________ the trait being studied
= male _______ the trait being studied
= male __________ the trait being studied
______________ figures represent carriers
______________ represent marriages or matings
______________ represent children or offspring
Hemophilia Pedigree
Advances in Genetics
-________________________________ allow
people to produce organisms with ___________
_________________
-They are: _______________________________
Selective Breeding
-_________________--selecting organisms with
desired traits to be parents of the next generation.
-Two types:
1._______________--the crossing of closely
related organisms.
*_________________ in plants is an example
*_________________ are an example. It is a
way of keeping desirable traits in a breed.
*Problems: Organisms are ________________
______________ and tend to be susceptible to
diseases. Inbred animals have _____________
_____________ to environmental changes.
Certain ________________________ become
common because they form pairs during
fertilization.
2. ________________--the crossing of two
genetically different individuals.
*Results in offspring that have characteristics
of both parents.
*Organisms are more ___________________
and are therefore likely to be ___________
and _____________ than inbred organisms.
This is especially true in hybrid plant varieties.
*Problems: Many times the organisms
produced are __________. Examples:
_______________________________
Cloning
-___________--an individual that is genetically identical
to and has only _______ parent.
1. ________________ is easy and has been done
for many years.
*Just take a ____________ from a stem, give it
water until it sprouts roots, then plant it. You
have a clone of the first plant.
*Another technique is called ______________
_____________. Here you take branches from
one plant and graft them onto other plants.
Many _______________ are grown this way.
2. Animal Cloning—the first successfully cloned
animal was a ______________, cloned in
_______. It was cloned from _______________.
*In February, 1997, _____________, a
Scottish scientist, successfully cloned an adult
sheep.
*The sheep’s name was __________.
*Dolly was cloned from a ________________
taken from her mother.
*She was the only lamb to survive from
_______ eggs.
*Dolly was the first animal cloned from an
adult animal.
Two types of Cloning: Reproductive and Therapeutic
-____________________ produces an __________
which is implanted into a female’s womb with the
intent to produce a ________________________.
*Dolly was produced this way.
*Other successfully cloned mammals include:
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
*Attempts to clone other species such as monkeys,
chickens, horses, and dogs have been __________
-____________________ is the production of embryos
for use in research. The cloned embryos are ______
_____________________ to be carried to term, but are
used to generate ____________ which can then create
tissues and organs.
*This cloning uses the nucleus of a body cell to
grow ________________ or ______________-or any type of cell needed.
*These cells will be ___________________ to the
other cells, so the body will _____________ them.
*This would improve the success of ____________
_____________.
*Researchers also believe that one day __________
can be used as _____________________ to treat
heart disease, Alzheimer’s, cancer, and other
diseases.
Risks of Cloning
-Repoductive Cloning
*__________________
*Highly _______________ (90% of cloning
attempts fail).
*Cloned animals seem to be _______________
*May be _______________________ problems.
-Therapeutic Cloning
*________________ about harvesting and
terminating human embryos.
*May lead to “__________________”.
Genetic Engineering
-In ______________________, genes from one
organism are _____________ into the ______ of
another organism.
-This process can be used to ___________________
(like insulin), to __________________, and in
________________ (to cure people of genetic diseases).
Human Genome Project
-Began in ________. ______________ is complete
-A __________is all the ______ in one cell of one
organism.
-Project goal—to identify the DNA sequence of ______
________ in the _________________.
DNA Fingerprinting
-Technique developed in ________
-It is used to ______________ and show whether
_______________.
-Unless you are an _______________, your _______
___________________.