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Chapter 4 Modern Genetics Human Inheritance -Many ___________________are controlled by a ______________with_______________: one dominant and one recessive. *Examples: __________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ -Others human traits are controlled by ________ ________ with _____________________. *This means ___________________ alleles exist for a trait. *However, you still __________________ _______________. *Example: _________________________ -_____________ are involved: _____________ -A and B are ________________ (co-dominant) -O is _______________ -Blood type A can have genotypes __________ -Blood type B can have genotypes __________ -Blood type AB can have only genotype ______ -Blood type O can have only genotype ______ -Finally, a lot of human traits are controlled by ______________ that act together. This is called, ________________________. *Examples: eye, skin, and hair color, fingerprints, height, weight, body build and shape of eyes, lips and ears. The Sex Chromosomes -______________ of chromosomes determines the _________________________. -The ____________ chromosome in the pair is the _____ chromosome. The __________ is the ______. *______ = male *______ = female -___________ from a female contain only ____ chromosomes. -___________from a male can contain either an ____ or a ______. So it is the ___________ who determines the sex of the child depending on which sperm cell fertilizes the egg. Sex-Linked Traits -The sex chromosomes carry genes that _____________ ___________________________. -They also carry genes that determine _______________. -These traits are usually ________________________ because they are carried on the X chromosome. The matching gene on the Y chromosome is missing. -They are called ______________________. -Examples: _______________________________ Punnett Squares with Sex-Linked Traits -Example: Color-blind Male marries a Normal Female X cY x XX _______ of their kids will be color-blind. However, any ________ they have will be a ___________. Human Genetic Disorders -A __________________ is an abnormal condition that a person ______________. -Information for the disorder is ____________________ just like other genetic information. -Examples: *__________________--genetic disorder in which the body produces too much ___________ in the lungs and intestine. It is ____________________. _________ Caucasians carry a recessive allele. It is caused by a ______________in the DNA molecule. *__________________--genetic disorder in which red blood cells have an unusual _______________. RBC’s can’t carry as much __________ and can ______________. The allele is ________________ with the normal so you must have ____________ to produce __________ sickle-shaped RBC’s. More common in __________________ (1/400) *_________________--genetic disorder in which ___________________ or ______________. It is a homozygous recessive _________________ carried on the _____ chromosome. So it is ____________ ___________ than women. *________________--caused by an ___________ chromosome. Results in some degree of ________ ______________. Heart defects and other physical conditions are also common. Pedigrees -A ____________ is a chart that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait. -The trait can be an _________________ or a _____________________. -These are the symbols used on a Pedigree chart. = female ______ the trait being studied = female _________ the trait being studied = male _______ the trait being studied = male __________ the trait being studied ______________ figures represent carriers ______________ represent marriages or matings ______________ represent children or offspring Hemophilia Pedigree Advances in Genetics -________________________________ allow people to produce organisms with ___________ _________________ -They are: _______________________________ Selective Breeding -_________________--selecting organisms with desired traits to be parents of the next generation. -Two types: 1._______________--the crossing of closely related organisms. *_________________ in plants is an example *_________________ are an example. It is a way of keeping desirable traits in a breed. *Problems: Organisms are ________________ ______________ and tend to be susceptible to diseases. Inbred animals have _____________ _____________ to environmental changes. Certain ________________________ become common because they form pairs during fertilization. 2. ________________--the crossing of two genetically different individuals. *Results in offspring that have characteristics of both parents. *Organisms are more ___________________ and are therefore likely to be ___________ and _____________ than inbred organisms. This is especially true in hybrid plant varieties. *Problems: Many times the organisms produced are __________. Examples: _______________________________ Cloning -___________--an individual that is genetically identical to and has only _______ parent. 1. ________________ is easy and has been done for many years. *Just take a ____________ from a stem, give it water until it sprouts roots, then plant it. You have a clone of the first plant. *Another technique is called ______________ _____________. Here you take branches from one plant and graft them onto other plants. Many _______________ are grown this way. 2. Animal Cloning—the first successfully cloned animal was a ______________, cloned in _______. It was cloned from _______________. *In February, 1997, _____________, a Scottish scientist, successfully cloned an adult sheep. *The sheep’s name was __________. *Dolly was cloned from a ________________ taken from her mother. *She was the only lamb to survive from _______ eggs. *Dolly was the first animal cloned from an adult animal. Two types of Cloning: Reproductive and Therapeutic -____________________ produces an __________ which is implanted into a female’s womb with the intent to produce a ________________________. *Dolly was produced this way. *Other successfully cloned mammals include: _____________________________________ _____________________________________ *Attempts to clone other species such as monkeys, chickens, horses, and dogs have been __________ -____________________ is the production of embryos for use in research. The cloned embryos are ______ _____________________ to be carried to term, but are used to generate ____________ which can then create tissues and organs. *This cloning uses the nucleus of a body cell to grow ________________ or ______________-or any type of cell needed. *These cells will be ___________________ to the other cells, so the body will _____________ them. *This would improve the success of ____________ _____________. *Researchers also believe that one day __________ can be used as _____________________ to treat heart disease, Alzheimer’s, cancer, and other diseases. Risks of Cloning -Repoductive Cloning *__________________ *Highly _______________ (90% of cloning attempts fail). *Cloned animals seem to be _______________ *May be _______________________ problems. -Therapeutic Cloning *________________ about harvesting and terminating human embryos. *May lead to “__________________”. Genetic Engineering -In ______________________, genes from one organism are _____________ into the ______ of another organism. -This process can be used to ___________________ (like insulin), to __________________, and in ________________ (to cure people of genetic diseases). Human Genome Project -Began in ________. ______________ is complete -A __________is all the ______ in one cell of one organism. -Project goal—to identify the DNA sequence of ______ ________ in the _________________. DNA Fingerprinting -Technique developed in ________ -It is used to ______________ and show whether _______________. -Unless you are an _______________, your _______ ___________________.