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Transcript
What are Ecosystems • Interacting biotic and abiotic components occupying a particular space. – Biotic- Living Organisms – Abiotic- Non-livng • Organization of energy in ecosystems 1 Relationships • Predator-Prey Relationship: – Any relationship where one organism feeds on another organism – Predator: organism that does the feeding – Prey: organism that is fed on • Host-Parasite Relationship: – One organism becomes intimately associated with their” prey” feeding for an extended period of time without killing the host – Parasite: organism that does the feeding – Host: organism that is fed on 2 • Mutualism – A relationship where both organisms benefit • Ex) flowers and insects • Symbiosis – Two species living together in close union (no benefit or harm) 3 Organization of the Environment • The biosphere is the part of the Earth that supports life. – Scattered throughout the biosphere is a wide range of habitats– dry deserts, lush rainforests, even dark caves. • Each of these areas, called biomes, has its own unique geography and climate. 4 Competitive Relationships • Habitat: a place defined by the biotic and abiotic environment that allows for a species to biologically adapt and survive – Competition is limited because each species tends to be specialized and adapted to its own habitat or niche • Ecological Niche: refers to what, when, and where the animal feeds, where it finds shelter, and how it responds to abiotic factors. 5 Resource Partitioning 6 Abiotic Resources of an Ecosystem • • • • • Water Chemical Nutrients Light Oxygen Spacial needs (ie. Hole in tree) • Can become objects of competition 7 Optimum, Zones of Stress, and Limits of Tolerance • For every factor in an ecosystem, there is an Optimum Range at which organisms thrive – At higher or lover levels organisms don’t do as well • Range of Tolerance: the entire span that allows any growth at all to occur • Limits of tolerance: the points at the high and low ends of the range • Zones of Stress: location between the optimum range and high and low limits of tolerance 8 9 Law of Limiting Factors • Limiting Factors: – Any one factor being outside the optimal range will cause stress and limit the growth, reproduction, or survival of a population – “Too much” or “Too Little” • Example: plant survival during a drought – What is the limiting factor? – What will happen to the plants? 10 Abiotic Conditions of an Ecosystem • The two most significant abiotic conditions that influence life in a biome are temperature and precipitation. 11 • As the latitude, or distance away from the equator, increases, average temperature tends to decrease. 12 Latitude is measured in degrees north or south of the equator. 13 • As the altitude, or elevation from sea level increases, average temperatures decrease. 14 • In addition to changing altitude, the presence of mountains has a major influence on the distribution of precipitation. – As warm, moist air travels up a mountain range, the air cools (due to altitude) and the moisture condenses. 15 • As a result, the windward side of the mountain facing the incoming air currents receives disproportionately more precipitation than the opposite, leeward side. – This is called the rain shadow effect. 16 Ocean and Lake Effects • Biomes located near a large body of water often have greater precipitation levels and milder, more stable temperatures. – Water gains and loses heat much more slowly than air. – The nearby water evaporates and fuels incoming storm systems. 17 Vegetation map of the world. Source: NASA and NOAA. 18 Climatographs • A climatograph is a combination precipitation and temperature graph for a given biome. – The average montly precipitation for the area is displayed as a bar graph. – The average monthly temperature is displayed as a line graph. 19