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UNIT 13 WORLD WAR TWO Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 1 World War Two Timeline • 1933: Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. • 1936: Germany sent troops into the Rhineland. • 1938: The Munich agreement. • 1939: World War Two begins. • 1940: The Battle of Britain. German blitzkrieg. • 1941: Pearl Harbor. Operation Barbarossa. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 2 World War Two Timeline • 1942: Dieppe. Stalingrad. Mass murder of Jews began. • 1943: Germans are defeated at Stalingrad. • 1944: D-Day. U.S. bombs Okinawa and Iwo Jima. • 1945: Germany surrendered. Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The United Nations is founded. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 3 13.1 Appeasement Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 4 What is Appeasement? • Prevent aggressors from starting wars. • Agree to those demands which seem reasonable. • Chamberlain used this policy with Hitler in 1938. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 5 How was Hitler Appeased? • • • • He violated the Treaty of Versailles. 1933: Germany began to rearm. Reparations payments cease. 1935: Anglo-German Naval agreement. • 1936: Troops marched into the Rhineland. • 1938:UnitAnschluss with Austria. 6 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid Why did Chamberlain Follow the policy of “Appeasement?” • Appeasement would allow time to rearm. • Hitler would defend against Russian Communism. • People wanted peace. • Britain could not fight Germany alone. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 7 Why Appeasement? • Versailles had been too harsh. • The League of Nations still existed. • Neville Chamberlain misjudged Hitler. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 8 Results of Appeasement • Britain was discredited. • Millions of people came under Nazi rule. • Appeasement encouraged Hitler’s territorial ambitions. • Contributed to the signing of the NaziSoviet Pact. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 9 13.2 Long-Term Causes of the Second World War Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 10 The Treaty of Versailles • • • • Land taken from Germany. Reparations. The War Guilt clause (Article 231). Germany was desperate for revenge. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 11 The Failures of the League • Failed to stop aggressive moves in the inter-war period. • Manchuria and Abyssinia. • The League did not deter Hitler or Mussolini. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 12 The Impact of the Depression • International loans were called in. • Unemployment and poverty spread rapidly. • Democracies seemed helpless. • Contributed to the rise of aggressive dictators. • The Depression resulted in appeasement. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 13 Hitler’s Ambitions • Hitler would regain the territory lost at Versailles. • Lebensraum for his master race. • Destroy communism. • Massive rearmament campaigns under Hitler. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 14 Appeasement • Hitler regarded Britain as spineless. • The USSR signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact. • The Munich Agreement was signed. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 15 The Nazi-Soviet Pact • A two-front war was avoided. • Hitler believed the pact would force Britain to back down over Poland. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 16 13.3 Immediate Causes of WWII (1938-1939) Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 17 Timeline of 1938 • September 28: The Munich Agreement is signed. • December 1: Britain sets up a “National Register. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 18 Timeline of 1939 • January 2: RAF produces 400 planes a month. • February 15: Defense spending set at 580 million pounds a year. • March 15: Hitler invades Czechoslovakia. • April 25: Parliament votes to spend 1 322 million pounds on defense. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 19 Timeline of 1939 • May 1: The Military Training Act introduces conscription in Britain. • May 22: Pact of Steel. • August 23: The Nazi-Soviet Pact is signed. • September 1: Hitler invades Poland. • September 3: Britain declares war on Germany. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 20 German Rearmament • By March 1935 the Luftwaffe had 2500 planes. • Germany’s army numbered 300,000 men. • Hitler publicly announced compulsory military conscription. • France and Britain did not respond. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 21 Navy • 1935: Anglo-German Naval Agreement. • Allowed Germany 1/3 the tonnage of the Royal Navy. • Equal tonnage of submarines. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 22 Rhineland • March 1936: 32 000 German soldiers entered the Rhineland. • France did not respond. • He was confident to look toward land in the East. • Germany benefited from the industry rich Rhineland. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 23 Anschluss with Austria • German forces entered Vienna on March 15, 1938. • Britain and France verbally protested. • 100 000 troops were added to the German army. • Germany gained control of Austrian resources. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 24 Czechoslovakia • The German population lived in the Sudetenland. • Hitler planned to invade Czechoslovakia in 1938. • Germany, Britain, France and Italy met in Munich. • The Sudetenland is given to Germany. • Britain warns Germany that Poland will be protected. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 25 13.4 The Nature of Warfare Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 26 The Nature of the Second World War • Civilian Casualties are very high. • Ideological Conflict: fascism versus democracy. • Total War: everywhere is a battlefield. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 27 Tactics of the Second World War • Blockade. • Blitzkrieg or ‘Lightning War.’ Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 28 Technology • Radar: gave the British great advantage. • Tanks: German tanks were small and fast. • Aircraft: bombing was a major strategy of the war. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 29 Technology • Medicine: prevented infections. • Code Breaking: British were able to crack the German enigma. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 30 13.5 Russia Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 31 Operation Barbarossa • A Blitzkrieg style invasion was planned for Russia. • Russia was heavily unprepared. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 32 Hitler’s Views • Hitler’s racial prejudices. • Russia had oil reserves and wheat. • Control of Russia was basic to the Nazi program. • Russia was communist. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 33 Stalin’s Views • Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression pact. • Hitler was bogged down in the West and South. • A British ploy to pull Russia into a war with Germany. • Blitzkrieg made no sense against such a large nation. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 34 The Battle of Stalingrad • German military methods were studied. • Battle of Attrition would undermine Blitzkrieg. • German army at Stalingrad become trapped. • 90% of German casualties came on the Eastern Front. • Russia had successfully undermined the Blitzkrieg. Unit 13 IB History of Europe 35 • The turning point of the Eastern Front. McQuaid Why were the Germans Defeated? • Hitler underestimated Soviet forces and equipment. • The winter of 1941-42 was brutal. • Supply problems. • Inadequate Soviet roads. • Retreating Russians used a “scorched earth policy.” Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 36 13.6 The Pacific Theatre Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 37 Pearl Harbor • The Americans would be an easy target. • A devastating attack would leave Japan a free hand in the Pacific. • The Japanese missed the most crucial targets. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 38 Pearl Harbor • The U.S. joined in the fight against the Axis Powers. • World War Two was now an international war. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 39 Okinawa • Part of a three-point American plan. • Japanese forces were to hold the island at all costs. • The U.S. would destroy the remainder of Japan’s merchant fleet. • There were four airfields on the island. • On July 2, 1945 Okinawa was declared secure by the Americans with heavy casualties on both sides. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 40 Iwo Jima • The tiny island had two airfields. • Japanese soldiers had strong defensive positions. • Iwo Jima was “softened up” by bombing raids. • The Marines took heavy casualties. • Japanese determination would influence the use of the atomic bombs. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 41 Factors in the Decision to Drop the Bomb • An invasion of Japan would be avoided. • The U.S.S.R. was set to enter the Pacific War. • The bomb had cost over two billion dollars. • Millions of Japanese lives would be saved. Unit 13 IB History of Europe 42 • Only threeMcQuaid bombs had been Why were the Japanese so successful at the start of the war? • The Japanese had developed modern battle tactics. • The Bushido belief. • Japanese soldiers were trained to live off the land. • Japanese troops were supported by the locals. • America’s military was not yet fully deployed. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 43 Why did Japan eventually lose the Pacific War? • The U.S. overwhelmed Japan with her manpower and ability to produce war goods. • Japanese factories were heavily bombed. • Pearl Harbor made great propaganda. • Shipments from mainland Asia to Japan were sunk. • 104 000 tons of bombs were dropped on Japan. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 44 13.7 The Holocaust Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 45 Timeline of the Holocaust • 1939: Jews must turn in radios and wear yellow stars of David. • 1940: Jews are forced into ghettos. Nazis begin deporting Jews to Poland. • 1942: Jews are forbidden to use public transportation or attend school. Nazi officials discuss the 'Final Unit 13 IB History of Europe 46 Solution.’ McQuaid Timeline of the Holocaust • 1943: 80 to 85 percent of the Jews to die have already been murdered. • 1944: Hitler began deporting 12,000 Hungarian Jews each day to Auschwitz. • 1945: World War II ends in Europe. The death camps are emptied. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 47 Timeline of the Holocaust • 1946: Nuremburg Trials. • 1947: A Jewish homeland becomes the State of Israel in 1948. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 48 Possible Causes of the Holocaust • Hitler’s personal vendetta. • Hitler may have been mentally ill. • Jews were prominent within the Communist party. • Jews had ‘stabbed Germany in the back.’ Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 49 Stage One: Denial of Rights (1933-1938) • 1933: Jews lose the right to be German citizens. • 1935: The Nuremburg Laws enforce segregation. • 1938: All Jewish personal property was confiscated. • 1933-39: Government propaganda against the Jews. • 1933-39: Jewish schoolchildren are humiliated. • By 1938, over 25% of the Jews in Germany had left. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 50 Stage Two: Acceleration of Persecution (1938-1941) • Expulsion and Gettoization. • As Nazi territory expanded, so did the number of Jews. • Ghettos. • Kristallnacht. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 51 Stage Three: The Holocaust (1941-1945) • The Einsatzgruppe. • The Wannsee Conference. • The ‘Final Solution.’ Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 52 Nuremburg Trials • Those responsible needed to be brought to trial. • Nuremburg sets a precedent in human rights. • 22 high ranking Nazi officers were charged. • 19 defendants were convicted. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 53 How Could the Holocaust Happen? • Well established anti-Semitism existed. • There was always the fear that you will be next. • All people were implicated in some way. • The Allies must accept some blame. • Hitler knew nothing of the violence. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 54 13.8 Historiography of Adolf Hitler Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 55 Hitler on Hitler • Mein Kampf. • Written to create a myth rather than describe his life. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 56 The Journalists’ Hitler • Journalists of the 1920’s and 1930’s. • Nazis were brutal thugs. • Most journalists went into exile after 1933. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 57 The 1950’s • Hitler genuinely believed in his cause. • Hitler was ‘great in action’, outmaneuvered opponents. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 58 The ‘Hitler-Wave’ of the 1960’s • Without Hitler, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich. • An example of ‘the power of personality’ in history. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 59 The 1970’s • Began to use objective terminology. • Psycho-historians suggested Hitler was psychotic. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 60 Debates of the 1980’s and 1990’s • Hitler was a product of his environment. • He would have gotten nowhere at any other time or place. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 61 Historiography of the Holocaust • Functionalists refute the contention that Adolf Hitler was the sole initiator of the Holocaust. • Nazi policy emerged due to competition between groups. • The functionalist view is generally accepted by most academic historians. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 62 13.9 Wartime Conferences Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 63 Tehran • November 28 to December 1, 1943. • ‘Big-Three’ (Stalin, Churchill and FD Roosevelt). • Decide the direction of World War Two in Europe. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 64 Issues Discussed at Tehran • The second front was discussed. • Entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan. • The possible creation of an international organization after the war. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 65 Yalta • February 3, 1945. • The defeat of Nazi Germany was imminent. • Churchill saw a democratic Europe headed by Britain. • Stalin wanted an increase in Soviet power and safeguards against further attacks. • Roosevelt saw a world democracy headed by the U.S. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 66 Decisions at Yalta • Germany would be divided into zones of occupation. • Stalin agreed to “free elections” in Poland. • The Soviet frontier would advance westwards. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 67 Decisions at Yalta • The USSR agreed to enter the war against Japan. • Trials would be set for leading war criminals. • A meeting would be held to establish the UN. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 68 Potsdam • July 16 – August 2, 1945 to decide on the structure of post-war Europe. • Truman (United States) and Atlee (Great Britain). • All Truman would say at Potsdam was that America had a weapon of awesome power. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 69 The U.S.S.R. • Stalin wanted security from future attack by creating a buffer zone of friendly countries. • Stalin demanded that Germany make reparations to help Russia rebuild. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 70 The United States • Bargaining power was strengthened by money and the recently tested atomic bomb. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 71 Britain • England was bankrupt. • Many colonies claimed independence. • British were concerned about a Soviet presence in Eastern Europe. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 72 Decisions at Potsdam • The USSR would begin collecting reparations from its zone of occupation. • The allies agreed to divide Berlin into four sectors. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 73 13.10 The United Nations Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 74 The Atlantic Charter • All countries should have a democratic government. • Countries would trade freely with one another. • All countries would share in world prosperity. • Weaponry would be reduced. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 75 The Structure of the United Nations • • • • • The General Assembly. The Security Council. The Economic and Social Council. The International Court of Justice. The Secretariat. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 76 Agencies • World Health Organization (WHO). • International Labour Organization (ILO). • UNESCO. • International Atomic Energy Authority. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 77 Other Effects of WWII • United States and the USSR emerge as superpowers. • Decolonization gained momentum. • Communism spread rapidly. • United Nations and the European Economic Community are developed. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 78 Other Effects of WWII • Fascism was discredited. • War was condemned as morally wrong. • The introduction of the Nuclear Age. Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 79 Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid 80