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CLASSIFICATION
Taxonomy
• Living things are classified in a hierarchial
system
• There are five main groups called KINGDOMS
The Five Kingdoms
• Prokaryotes (Bacteria)
• Protoctista
• Plantae (Plants)
• Fungi
• Animalia (Humans)
Animalia Kingdom
• Kingdoms are then divided further until they
are divided into species.
KINGDOMS
Many organisms
Few features in common
One type of organisms
Nearly all features the
same
Phylum (Phyla)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Human Classification:
Homo sapiens
KINGDOMS
Animalia
Phylum (Phyla)
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Primates
Family
Hominidae
Genus
Homo
Species
sapiens
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KINGS
PLAY
CHESS
ON
FURRY
GREEN
SURFBOARDS
Plants
• All plants are multicellular, this means that
they are made up of lots of cells.
• They all contain chloroplasts, so that they
can carry out photosynthesis.
• They all have cell walls made of cellulose.
• They all use photosynthesis to create their
own food.
• They store carbohydrates as starch or
sucrose.
Fungi
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These can be multicellular or unicellular (made of
only 1 cell).
Their bodies look like threads called hyphae.
Fungi do not photosynthesise, they feed by
absorbing nutrients from material around them.
They have a cell wall made from chitin.
Some fungi store
carbohydrates as glycogen.
Protoctista
• These are usually unicellular.
• E.g. Euglena (can photosynthesise
• and eats other organisms)
• Some look like animal cells,
but some look like plant cells and contain
chloroplasts. Seaweed belongs to this group.
Prokaryotes
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These are also unicellular.
They do not have a nucleus, just a
loop of DNA.
Most feed from other organisms,
some contain a form of chlorophyll for
photosynthesis.
Viruses
• Many scientists debate whether viruses are
living things.
• They do not feed, respire, excrete, move,
grow, or respond to their surroundings.
• They do reproduce but they need to do so
inside of another cell.
• Viruses are not made of cells.
• They do contain genetic material.
Animals
• Animals are also multicellular.
• Animals don’t carry out photosynthesis, they
need to feed on other plants and animals.
• Animal cells don’t have cell walls, this
means they can move freely.
• Animals have a nervous system so that they
can move.
• They also store carbohydrates as glycogen
in their muscles.
Kingdoms are divided into Phyla
Main Phyla
Nematodes
Round/unsegmented worms (parasitic)
Annelids
Molluscs`
Segmented worms eg earthworm
Soft bodied sometimes with a shell eg snails/squid
Arthropods
Jointed legs, Exoskeleton
Divided into 4 classes
Arachnids 2 body regions 4 pairs of jointed legs
Insects
3 body regions 3 pairs of jointed legs
Crustaceans crabs more than 4 pairs legs
Myriapods centipedes/millipedes many pairs of legs
Vertebrates
Vertebrates can be divided into 5 classes.
Fish
Cold blooded
Wet scales
Lays Eggs in water
Gills
Amphibians
Cold blooded
Wet skin
Lays Eggs in water
Skin and lungs
Reptiles
Cold blooded
Dry scales
Lays soft eggs on land
Lungs
Birds
Warm blooded Feathers
Lays hard eggs on land
Lungs
Mammals
Warm blooded
live birth
Skin and hair
Lungs
PLANTS
FERNS
MOSS
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SMALL PLANTS.
NO FLOWERS.
TINY ROOTS.
REPRODUCE
USING SPORES.
LIVE IN DAMP
SHADY PLACES.
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HAVE FRONDS
(LEAVES).
NO FLOWERS.
REPRODUCE
USING SPORES.
LIVE IN DAMP
OFTEN SHADY
PLACES.
EXTENSIVE
ROOTS.
CONIFERS
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NO FLOWERS.
REPRODUCE
USING SEEDS
INSIDE CONES.
GENERALLY
LEAVES REDUCED
TO NEEDLES
FLOWERING
PLANTS
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HAVE FLOWERS.
REPRODUCE
USING SEEDS
MADE INSIDE
FRUITS.
MOST
WIDESPREAD
VARIED GROUP
Flowering plants can be divided into 2
main groups
Monocotyledons
Grass
and
cereals
• Blade shaped leaves
• Parallel veins
• One food store
(cotyledon) in a seed
Dicotyledons
Peas
and
beans
• Often have broad leaves
• Branching veins
• Two food stored in the
seed
Binomial Classification
The latin name
Tells us the genus and the species
Homo sapiens
Another form of classification Cladistics
Cladograms show evolutionary
relationships between organism.
Species are groups based on
shared characteristics from the last
common ancestor.
Used to be based on physical
features.
DNA and RNA sequences are now
used to produce Cladograms.
How can DNA and RNA
sequences provide
information about the
relationships between
different species?
Great
Apes
20MY
A
15MY
A
Lesser
Apes
10MY
A
7MY
A
TODAY
Human
Chimpanzee
Gorilla
Orang u tans
Gibbons
KEYS
• These enable organisms to be identified
• Two main types
– Branching Key
– Statement or Dichotomous Key
Using a Statement Key to Sort shapes
1. Does it have 3 sides?
Yes = triangle
No = go to Q2
2. Does it have five sides?
Yes=pentagon
No = go to Q3
3. Are all the sides the same?
Yes = square
No = a rectangle
10/05/2017