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Abbreviation- 1. to abbreviate something means to make it shorter. To make an abbreviation, leave out some of the letters and put a period at the end of the word: inch= in. 2. Some abbreviations begin with a capital letter and end with a period: Mr. St. Mon. 3. When abbreviating a state, use two capital letters and no periods: CA IX AL Action Verb -1. An action verb is a verb that shows action. The boy runs. 2. A verb showing what the subject does or has. The rabbit ate the turnips. Adjective - An adjective tells you more about a noun. The brown rabbit ate the turnips Adverb.- 1. An adverb tells how, when, or where 2. Adverbs can be placed almost anywhere in the sentence. 3. Adverbs often end in ly. Adverbs ending in ly are adverbs made from other words like loud and easy. The rabbit ate the turnips greedily. 4. Adverbs give more information about verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. He runs fast. That is a very blue ball. That boy is running really fast. Analogy- a way of comparing pairs of words. finger: hand :: toe: foot Antonym- A word with the opposite meaning. Cold and hot are antonyms Apostrophe (’) • 1. This ’ is an apostrophe. Use an apostrophe to show that something is owned. For singular nouns, write the noun, add the apostrophe, and then add s. Joe’s book. Julie’s shoes. For plural nouns, write the plural noun and then add the apostrophe. The three dogs’ bowls were broken. The two cats’ brushes were lost. 2. An apostrophe is used to make a contraction. The apostrophe shows that some letters have been left out: cannot becomes can ‘t. Article - 1. The words a, an, and the are called articles. They help us find nouns. 2. We use the article an with words that begin with a vowel sound. We use the article a with words that begin with a consonant sound. We use the article the to refer to the noun we are talking about or a plural noun: a cat, the cat, the cats, an apple, the apples. Base word - a word with no prefix or suffix added; may also be referred to as a base word. The root word of ‘unthinkable’ is think. Take away the prefix un and the suffix able. Capitalize- To make a small letter into a capital letter is to capitalize. Cause/effect- A cause is something that makes something else happen. Out of two events, it is the event that happens first. To determine the cause, ask the question "Why Did it Happen?" An effect is what happens as a result of the cause. Of two related events, it’s the one that happens second or last. To determine the effect, ask the question "What Happened?" Context clues- are words and phrases in a sentence which help you figure out the meaning of difficult or unknown word. Comma- A punctuation mark used between items in a series and before a coordinating conjunction in compound sentences. Command- Tells someone or something to do something. Go clean your room. Comparative form – You form the comparative of a one-syllable adjectives by adding –er. I think baseball is harder to play than soccer. Complete Subject- A complete subject can have adjectives, adverbs, other nouns, and pronouns. The furry cat and the spotted dog in the yard are playing together. Compound Sentence -A compound sentence is two complete sentences put together with a coordinating conjunction. The man ate hot dogs, and his wife ate the french fries. Compound Subject- A compound subject is two or more subjects joined with a conjunction. The man and woman ate hot dogs. Contraction - A contraction is made when one or more words is made shorter by leaving out some letters and replacing them with an apostrophe: do not becomes don’t. Days of the Week- Capitalize the first letter of the days of the week Tuesday. Declarative Sentence – A declarative sentence tells you about something. I like ice cream. Exclamation Point ! - An exclamation point is used at the end of a sentence that shows strong feeling. That was so much fun! Exclamatory Sentence - An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling. It begins with a capital letter and ends with an exclamation point. I had a great time! Fact- Can be proven Family Members - When you use a word like mom, dad, grandmother, or grandfather as a name, you must use a capital letter. Dad, is tomorrow Mom’s birthday? If you are referring to them in a sentence, keep it lowercase. My mom is the best! Fiction- a literary work based on the imagination and not on fact. Will have a setting, characters, problem, and solution. Holiday - Capitalize the first letter of each word in the name of a holiday: St. Patrick’s Day. from the left margin. Interrogative Sentence - An interrogative sentence is a sentence that asks a question. It starts with a capital letter and ends with a question mark. How are you? Irregular - Irregular means not going along with the rules. Irregular Plural Noun - We call plural nouns that don’t follow the rules irregular plural nouns: mouse to mice. Homophone- Words that sound the same, but are spelled differently. Irregular Verb - Irregular verbs form the past tense by a spelling change. The verbs come from Old English. We swam in the Great Salt Sea. Imperative Sentence - An imperative sentence tells you to do something. Put your seatbelt on. Linking Verb -. A verb, mainly the be verb, linking the subject to identifying or describing words. The man is my father. Indent . A paragraph begins with an indent. The indent tells the reader that a new paragraph has started. In compositions, the beginning of a paragraph starts about five spaces in Metaphor- A comparison between two things. His room was a pigpen! Month.- Capitalize the first letter of the name of a month: January. Non-fiction- Written works intended to give facts, or true accounts of real things and events Noun - A noun is the name of a person, place, or thing: boy, city, table. Opinion- A statement based upon a person’s feelings or belief. Green peppers are gross! Paragraph - A paragraph is how you organize your ideas when you write a composition, such as a story or a report. A paragraph has about five sentences on the same topic. The topic is what the paragraph is about. In compositions, the beginning of a paragraph starts about five spaces from the margin. Past Participle - Add ed to the bare form of regular verbs. Irregular verbs make spelling changes: walked, gone People’s Names. Capitalize the first letter of a person’s name: Billy Places - Capitalize the first letter of the names of places: New York~ Plural - Plural means more than one Plural Noun -. A plural noun talks about more than one thing: cats. Plural Possessive Noun - A plural possessive noun is a plural noun that shows more than one thing or person owmng something the bees’ hive Plural Possessive Pronoun A plural possessive pronoun can be traded with a plural noun It shows that two or more things or people own something; Joe and Sally‘s books can be traded for their books. Plural pronoun - You can trade a plural noun for a plural pronoun We use pronouns so that we don’t have to say the same noun. again and again. The dogs like to go for walks. They do it everyday. Possessive - The word possessive means that someone or something owns something. Jack’s boots are very shiny. Predicate- The predicate usually starts with a verb, and it tells something about the subject. That rabbit ate my carrot. Prefix- A prefix is a group of letters added before a word or base to alter its meaning and form a new word. Unbelievable – the prefix is ‘un’. Preposition - Prepositions link nouns. pronouns, and gerunds to other words. He is a friend of mine. Present Participle - When we add the ending ing to a verb, we give it a new name. it is now called a present participle: roll + ing = rolling. Roiling is a present participle. Progressive Tenses -We make a new kind of sentence when we put a be verb and an action verb with an ing ending together. This shows that the action is happening while it is being talked about. The ball is rolling. in this sentence the action verb roll is in the present progressive tense. Pronoun - Pronouns are words that can be traded with nouns. Joe is coming to my birthday party. He is bringing a present. He is a pronoun. Proper Noun - A proper noun is the special name of a person, a place, or a thing. Jennifer is a girl’s name.. Little Rock is a city. Question Mark ? - A question mark is used at the end of a sentence that asks a question~ Will we go skating on Friday? Quotation Marks ““ - Use quotation marks whenever you write a quote. A quote is EXACTLY what a person said and how he or she said it. Place the quotation marks at the beginning and end of what a person said. When you write the person’s quote first, and then tell us who said it, use a comma at the end of the sentence inside the quotation marks. “Yes, Mom, it’s all done,” Jenny answered. If you tell us who is speaking before he or she speaks, use a comma before the quote begins, and put the period inside the quotation mark at the end of the sentence. Mrs. Jones said, “That’s great.” If you have to show that someone was asking a question or showing strong feeling, then use an exclamation point or question mark inside the quotation marks. “Did you do your homework today?” Mrs. Jones asked. Regular Verbs - Regular verbs form the past by adding ed. He jumped over the fence. We observed the science experiment. Root word- a word with no prefix or suffix added; may also be referred to as a base word. The root word of ‘unthinkable’ is think. Take away the prefix un and the suffix able. Sentence.-A sentence begins with a capital letter. it ends with a mark that shows that the sentence has ended. It is a complete thought that makes sense. Some birds have beautiful feathers. Simile- A comparison between two things using the words ‘like’ or ‘as’. She is as pretty as a picture! Simple Subject. A subject can be as simple as a single noun with no other words. Cats are good pets. Singular - Singular means one: cat, apple, city, he, she, it, Singular Noun - A noun that describes just one thing is called a singular noun: book, cat, table. Singular Possessive Pronoun You can trade a singular possessive noun for a singular possessive pronoun. I like Dad’s car. His car is new. Subject - The subject is the part of. the sentence that tells us what we are talking about. An apple is hanging from the branch. Subject-Verb Agreement When the subject is plural, the verb must be plural. When the subject is; singular, the verb must be singular. We call this subject -verb agreement. The verb always agrees with the subject in number. The rabbit eats carrots. The rabbits eat carrots. Suffix- a suffix is a group of letters added after a word or base. Believable- the suffix is ‘able’ Superlative form- Form the superlative form of a onesyllable adjective by adding –est. I am the tallest of my friends. Syllable - A unit of spoken language consisting of a single uninterrupted sound formed by a vowel, diphthong, or syllabic consonant alone, or by any of these sounds preceded, followed, or surrounded by one or more consonants. Building is broken into 2 sounds~ buil-ding. Say the word out loud. The number of times your chin drops is the number of syllables in the word. Synonym- words that have the same or similar meanings. Couch and sofa Tense - The word tense means the time that an action happened The tenses are present, past, and future Present tense — Everyday I brush my teeth. Past tense — Yesterday, I brushed my teeth. Future tense — Tomorrow, I will brush my teeth. Topic Sentence - Every paragraph has a topic sentence It tells the reader what the paragraph is about The rest of the sentences give more information Verb - a verb shows action. The owl hooted. Hooted shows an action that the owl did.