Download 10.1 Energy Transformation and Conservation

10.1
ENERGY TRANSFORMATION AND
CONSERVATION

Essential Questions:
1.
2.
3.
How Does Heat Affect a System?
What Forms of Energy Are Related to Particles?
How is Energy Conserved During a Transformation?
HOW DOES HEAT AFFECT A SYSTEM?

Energy is the ability to do work or cause change.


All states of matter contain energy.
A state is the form in which matter exists.
Solid
 Liquid
 Gas
 Plasma

HOW DOES HEAT AFFECT A SYSTEM?
When energy is added to a
system, the temperature of
substances in the system
increases.
 When energy is removed form
the system, temperatures
decrease.
 If enough energy is added to
or removed from the system,
substances in the system will
change state.

SOLIDS

A solid has particles that are closely packed and
arranged orderly. This gives solids a definite
shape and definite volume.
LIQUIDS

Liquids have particles that are not as tightly
packed as solids and are able to flow past one
another. This gives liquids a definite volume, but
no definite shape.
GASSES

A gas has neither a definite shape or volume.
The particles in a gas are packed less tightly and
are able to move independently of one another.
FLUIDS

Liquids and gasses are both fluids since they are
able to flow.
TEMPERATURE, HEAT, AND ENERGY
Temperature is a
measure of the kinetic
energy of a particle or
group of particles.
 Heat is the transfer of
energy.
 Energy naturally flows
from a hotter object to a
cooler object.

CHANGES OF STATE
Enthalpy is a
measure of the
total energy of a
thermodynamic
system.
CHANGE OF STATE
To
Solid
From
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
Solid
Melting/
Solid-solid
transformation fusion
Sublimation
—
Liquid
Freezing
—
Boiling/
evaporation
—
Gas
Deposition
Condensation
—
Ionization
Plasma
—
—
Recombination
/deionization
—
ENERGY AND CHANGES OF STATE

The two basic types of energy are:
Potential Energy – The energy that results from the
position or shape of an object.
 Kinetic Energy – The energy that results from the
motions of an object.

THERMAL ENERGY

The total potential and kinetic energy of all of the
particles in an object is called thermal energy.
Thermal energy travels from hotter objects to cooler objects
until they reach equilibrium.
 Changes or state are caused by changes in thermal energy.

WHAT FORMS OF ENERGY ARE RELATED
TO PARTICLES?

Forms of energy related to the particles of objects
include nuclear energy, thermal energy, electrical
energy, electromagnetic energy, and chemical
energy.
NUCLEAR ENERGY

Nuclear energy is a type of
potential energy stored in the
nucleus of an atom and released
during a nuclear reaction.
Fission – Splitting a nucleus into
many parts.
 Fusion – Joining two or more nuclei.

THERMAL ENERGY

Thermal energy is the total kinetic and potential
energy.
ELECTRICAL ENERGY

This is the energy of electrical charge.
ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY

EM energy travels through space in waves that
form from the vibrations of electrical charges.
CHEMICAL ENERGY

Chemical energy is stored in chemical bonds ,
which hold groups of atoms (molecules) together.

Breaking the bonds of a sugar molecule releases
energy that you body uses for different processes.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENERGY

Energy occurs in many forms, including:









chemical energy
thermal energy
electromagnetic radiation
gravitational energy
electric energy
elastic energy
nuclear energy
rest energy
These can be categorized in two main classes:
potential energy and kinetic energy.

Some can be in both categories.
HOW IS ENERGY CONSERVED DURING A
TRANSFORMATION?

All forms of energy
can be transformed
into other forms of
energy.
SINGLE TRANSFORMATIONS

One form of energy can be transformed into
another form to do work.

Your body breaks the chemical bonds in sugar
releasing the energy to allows your body to do work.
MULTIPLE TRANSFORMATIONS

Often, a series of
transformations is needed
to do work.

Car Engine –
1.
2.
3.
4.
Electrical energy produces a
spark.
The spark ignites the fuel.
Combusting fuel expands
and presses on pistons.
Moving pistons turn the
wheels.
KINETIC AND POTENTIAL ENERGY

Potential and kinetic energy are always being
converted into one another.
ENERGY CONSERVATION

Law of Conservation of Energy

In a system, as energy is transformed it is neither lost
nor created. Rather, energy is conserved.
FRICTION

Friction is the force that one surface exerts on
another surface when the two surfaces rub
against one another.

The energy of a system that is exposed to friction
may decrease. But overall, energy in the system is
neither lost nor created. In fact, the heat produced by
friction is evidence that energy is conserved.