Download Chapter 13 Infectious and Noninfectious Conditions

Chapter 13
Infectious and Noninfectious
Conditions:
Risks and Responsibilities
Infectious and Noninfectious Conditions Risk Factors
• Disease-causing agents =
pathogens
• Epidemics = widespread
outbreak of a disease in a
community/region
• Virulent = invading organism’s
ability to resist treatment
• Mulitfactorial Disease = caused
by several factors
• host (weakened) + susceptible
(agent for disease present)
Risk Factors - You Can’t Control
Heredity - parent’s
longevity and you
• diabetes / CHD
• Chromosomal Disorders
Aging - after 40 more
susceptible to disease
Environmental Conditions harmful elements (drugs,
chemicals, sanitation, pollution)
Immunolgical competence
Risk Factors You Can Control
Disease varies with
socioeconomic status, culture,
geographic location…. etc,etc.
Stress
Nutrition
Physical Inactivity
Substance Abuse
High Risk Behaviours
- you get the idea!!!!
The Pathogen’s Routes of Invasion
*disease-producing organism
the "attackers"
• Kissing / sexual
relations / touching
(direct or indirect)
• Hands greatest
source of
transmission
• Autoinoculate spread disease from
one body part to
another
The Pathogen’s Routes of Invasion
Airborne Contact
• sneezing / breathing
Food-borne Infection
• E. coli bacteria
Animal-borne
• dogs/cats - bites / insects carried /
feces
Water-borne
• drinking / washed food
• Body - swimming / streams
Bacteria
single-celled organisms - plant-like / lacks chlorophyll
most plentiful pathogen bacteria / causes disease by
secreting toxins (poisonous).
Three Types:
• Cocci
• Bacilli
• Spirilla
• 1000’s exist only
approximately 100
cause disease in
HUMANS
Staphylococcal Infections:
• present on our skin
• break in epidermis allows
staphylococcal to invade
• infected wounds / acne
• strep throat (severe sore
throat)
• scarlet fever, acute fever,
sore throat, rash
• rheumatic fever
Toxic Shock Syndrome?
Pneumonia:
Pneumonia -bacterially
caused…..
• chronic cough, chest pain,
chills, high fever, fluid
accumulation in lungs.
Legionnaire's Disease
- bacterially
generated disease
• airborne transmission
• symptoms similar to
those of pneumonia.
• Commonly
misdiagnosed and
given wrong treatment
Tuberculosis:
• bacterial infiltration of
respiratory system
• transmitted among people by
breathing air infected by
coughing or sneezing
• symptoms:
• persistent coughing, weight
loss, fever, and spitting up
blood
• High Risk - fighting disease /
HIV - Related Diseases
Periodontal Diseases
• Diseases of tissues
surrounding the
teeth
• 3/4 of adults over
35years
• result of poor teeth
brushing/flossing
• not getting regular
check ups at dentist
Viruses
minute parasitic microbes that live inside another cell
• 1/500th the size of bacteria
• approx. 150 cause disease in humans
• consist of protein structure - DNA or
RNA
• no capacity for cellular function (i.e.
respiration/metabolism)
• unable to reproduce on their own or
outside the body
• parasitic relationship within cells
invaded
Inject their DNA or RNA into Invaded Cell
• take over cell reproductive
process
• instruct cells to produce new
viral particles
• viruses are released and enter
other cells
• viruses cannot reproduce
outside of living cells • difficult to culture in lab
detection and study difficult
Treatment
• treatment is difficult
viruses withstand
heat/radiation
• some have incubation
periods of several years
• slow progression of
symptoms.
• Interferon - body’s
protection against
viruses
The Common Cold
Endemic (always present to some degree)
• 100 + viruses cause it?
• Colds can be caught
via contact air-borne
droplets, touching,
mucus membrane
contact
Hands - frequent
contact of hands to
mouth / nose
Treatment? Prevention Best
Medicine!
Keep Resistance levels high
• good nutrition
• physical activity
• rest
• stress reduction
Got a cold!
(getting cold doesn’t make you sick!)
• bed rest / fluids / aspirin
• most contagious first 24 hours
• must run course 7 to 10 days
Influenza (FLU):
• Influenza (FLU)
• viral disorder of respiratory
tract
• symptoms include aches,
pains, nausea, fever, etc.
• 3 forms
• A - most virulent
• B - 2nd most virulent
• C - 3rd
• Concern for Older Adults
Infectious Mononucleosis:
the "kissing disease” or "MONO"
• symptoms = sore
throat, fever,
headache, chills, and
continuous sense of
weakness;
• treatment: bed-rest,
nutrition, and
medications to control
symptoms.
Hepatitis
virally induced inflammation of liver
symptoms = fever, headache, nausea, and loss of appetite, jaundice,
and diarrhea.
Hepatitis A
• "infectious hepatitis"
• transmitted by fecaloral route, bad hygiene
• persons in contact
with children in daycare settings
• persons who inject
drugs
Hepatitis B:
"serum hepatitis"
• transmitted by body fluids (blood, serum,
saliva, semen, and vaginal fluids)
• also transmitted by needle stick, contact with
needles (drug users), and sexual contact
• some patients may develop cirrhosis and/or
cancer of the liver, and eventually death
Mumps:
• prior to 1968, fairly
common among children
• effective vaccine found in
1968
• incidence before 1968:
80/100,000
• incidence in 1984:
2/100,000
• greatest danger - sterility
in men young adulthood
• hearing loss
Chicken Pox:
• Many children
contract disease /
then remains
dormant
• skin eruptions that
itch + blister
• symptoms include
fever, fatigue (17
days after exposure)
• some lead to shingles
Measles
• viral disorder frequently affects
young children
• German measles (rubella) is a
milder viral infection transmitted
by inhalation
• can move into bloodstream
• causes a rash
• not serious, except for pregnant
women and newborns
• fetus in 1st trimester may be
born blind, deaf, retarded, or
with congenital heart defects
FUNGI
• single or multi-celled
organisms
• moldy breads, cheeses,
and mushrooms
• (vaginal yeast
infection), athlete's
foot, ringworm, and
jock itch
• treatment: keep
infected area dry and
clean, and treat with
antifungal antibiotics
PROTOZOA
• single-celled microscopic
animals that release enzymes
and toxins
• destroying cells or
interfering with their
function
• tropical diseases (malaria)
• treatment: relieve the
symptoms, replace lost blood
or fluid, and drug therapy
PARASITIC WORMS
• multi-cellular animals
• attack specific
tissues/organs and compete
with host for nutrient
• problem in developing
countries
• entering the body via
uncooked meats
• treat with drugs/surgery.
Your body’s Defenses:
Keeping You Well
• Physical and Chemical Defenses
• Skin
• Sweat - enzymes that destroy
microorganisms
• body pH levels (normal pH 7.0 can
change)
• body temperature(fever)
• lining in the tracts of the body, trap /
engulf
• cilia move particles out of body tears,
nasal secretions, ear wax and others
The Immune System:
Your Body Fights Back
• Antigens: invader causing immune
response
• Antibodies:individually matched to
specific antigens / work to destroy
and/or lessen impact of antigen body
recognizes size/shape of antigen
• White Blood Cells (lymphocytes):
they protect against foreign agents;
responsible of antigen-antibody
response - Macrophages - phagocytic
cell-eating cell
Protection
• B-lymphocytes (B-cells)
• T- lymphocytes (T-cells)
• Killer T - Cells directly
attack infected or
malignant cells
• Memory B & T cells
respond faster to the
same pathogen
Fever & Pain
• An increase in body
temperature decreases the
the efficacy of the pathogen
• Stimulates White Blood
Cell production
• High temperature and be
dangerous to the host
• Pain (a warning signal)
- persistent pain can be an
indicator of disease
Sexually Transmitted Infections
• STI’s - Infectious
diseases transmitted
via some form of
intimate, usually
sexual contact
• Modes of
Transmission
• Use condoms /
quality / check
expiration date
STIs
• Chlamydia - Bacterially
caused STI of the urogenital
tract
• Conjunctivitis: Serious
inflammation of the eye /
pathogens / irritants
(chlamydia)
Pelvic Inflammatory disease
(PID)
• various infection of the
female reproductive tract
STIs
• Gonorrhea - most
common STI in
Canada - if untreated
can cause sterility
• Syphilis - widespread,
progresses through
phases - if untreated
serious results
• Chancre - sore at
syphilis infection site
STIs
• Public Lice (“crabs”)
• parasites that inhabit body
areas….. Genitals
• Verneral Warts
• warts that appear in genital
area, anus…..human papilloma
viruses
• Vaginitis - set of symptoms
characterized by vaginal
itching, swelling, and burning
STIs
• Trichomoniasis - protozoan
infection / foamy-yellowish
discharge + unpleasant odor
• Genital Herpes -STI from
herpes simplex virus type two
• Acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS) extremely
virulent sexually transmitted
disease / effects immune system
• Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV) virus that causes
AIDS
Noninfectious Diseases
Respiratory Disorders
• Allergy-Induced Problems -occurs
as the body attempts to rid the body
of antigen/allergens
• Antibodies
• Histamines - dilate blood vessels /
increase mucus secretions / produce
allergy symptoms
• Hay Fever - chronic respiratory
disorder - ragweed / pollen
Respiratory Disorders
• Asthma - chronic respiratory
disorder - attacks of wheezing,
shortness of breath, and
coughing spasms
• Emphysema - respiratory
disease / alveoli distend or
rupture / dysfunctional
• Chronic Bronchitis respiratory disorder /
bronchial tubes inflamed &
swollen / function impaired
Neurological Disorders
• Headaches - almost
everybody experiences them usually not too bad
• Tension Headache - muscle
contractions or tension in
neck or head
• stress, chemicals, sleep,
menstruation
• relaxation, hot water
treatments, “holistic
treatments”
Neurological Disorders
• Migraine - localized headaches
from alternating dilation &
constriction of blood vessels
• Epilepsy - neurological
disorder / abnormal
Sex-Related Disorders
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) - a series of
physical and emotional symptoms that
appear prior to their menstrual period
Endometriosis:abnormal development of
endometrial tissue outside the uterus
resulting in serious side-effects
Hysterectomy - Surgical Removal of the
Uterus
Fibrocystic Breast Condition
common/noncancerous condition where
breasts contain fibrous or liquid filled
cysts
Digestion - Related Disorders
• Insulin - hormone produced in
pancreas / required for CHO
metabolism
• Diabetes - disease / pancreas can
produce sufficient insulin
• Hyperglycemia - High blood sugar
• Ulcerative colitis - inflammatory
disorder / affects mucus membranes
large intestines……with bloody
diarrhea
Digestion - Related Disorders
• Irritable Bowel
Syndrome (IBS) nausea, gas, pain, or
diarrhea / certain foods
• Diverticulosis - bulges in
wall of intestines /
irritation + infection
• Peptic ulcer - damage to
stomach or intestine
lining / juices
Musculoskeletal Diseases
• Arthritis - painful inflammation of the
joints
• Osteoarthritis - degeneration of bones
and joints / progressive / “wear & tear”
• Rheumatoid arthritis- serious
inflammatory joint disease
• Lupus - immune system attacks
body……antibodies destroy or injure
organs
• Low Back Pain - age, body posture,
body type, strength/fitness,
psychological factors - occupational
risks
Musculoskeletal Diseases
• Low Back Pain - age, body
posture, body type,
strength/fitness,
psychological factors occupational risks
• Prevention 90% from
lumbar region - being
careful, know proper
technique and physically
fit to perform lifts