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The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt, 1632 Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D. 25. September 2012 Tuesday 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 1.1. Systems in the body 2. NERVOUS SYSTEM 2 3. INTRODUCTION TO REGIONAL ANATOMY 3.1. Cavities in the body 3.2. Regions in the body 3.2.1. Regions in the abdomen 3 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY Trillions of the cells in the human body 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY Tissues 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 78 organs in the body 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 12 systems 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 1. Integumentary system 2. Skeletal System 3. Articular system 4. Muscular System 5. Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System 6. Lymphatic system 8. Digestive (Alimentary) System 9. Urinary (Excretory) System 10. Reproductive (Genital) System 11. Endocrine System 12. Nervous system Skin is the largest organ of the body. It consists of the epidermis and the dermis. bones and cartilages provides our basic shape and support for the body. the muscular system acts on to produce movement. protects vital organs such as the heart, lungs, & pelvic organs. joints & their associated ligaments Joints & ligaments connect the bony parts of the skeletal system and provide the sites at which movements occur. : The three types of muscle can be characterized by whether they are controlled voluntarily or involuntarily, whether they appear striated (striped) or smooth, and whether they are associated with the body wall (somatic), or with organs and blood vessels (visceral). transports fluids throughout the body. the heart and blood vessels make up the blood transportation network, the cardiovascular system. Heart pumps blood throughout the body Blood vessels, closed network of tubes, transport the blood. 3 types of blood vessels Arteries transport blood away from the heart. Veins transport blood toward the heart. Capillaries connect the arteries and veins. where oxygen, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged within the tissues. Arteries in 3 classes according to 1. Amount of smooth muscles & elastic fibers @ tunica media 2. Size of the vessel 3. Its function 1. Large elastic arteries 2. Medium muscular arteries 3. Small arteries and arterioles Large elastic arteries Too much elastic fibers @ tunica media Expansion and recoil and constant blood flow to the heart An example aorta Medium muscular arteries Smooth muscles @ tunica media Regulation of the diameter of vessels and control of the flow to the parts of the body. An example radial artery Small arteries and arterioles control the filling of the capillaries contribute to the arterial pressure in the vascular system. Veins into three classes Large veins thickest layer tunica externa superior vena cava & inferior vena cava Small and medium veins small amounts of smooth muscle superficial veins in the upper and lower limbs deeper veins of the leg and forearm Venules smallest veins drain the capillaries Walls of the blood vessels consist of three layers or tunics 1. tunica externa (adventitia) outer connective tissue layer 2. tunica media middle smooth muscle layer 3. tunica intima inner endothelial lining of the blood vessels Right heart (Suction) poorly- oxygenated(venous) blood from the body superior vena cava & inferior vena cava right atrium right ventricle pulmonary arteries lungs Left heart (Pumping) well- oxygenated (arterial) blood from the lungs pulmonary veins left atrium left ventricle aorta the body 22 The main artery in the body aorta. Arteries have also branches themselves. Blood flow in arteries Blood flow in veins Arteries have branches Arteries from the artery Veins have tributaries Veins drain into veins Some arteries divided into part by distinct muscles! maxillary artery anastomosis stoma= mouth a network of lymphatic vessels These vessels take the excess tissue fluid lymph from the body's intercellular fluid compartment returns it to the bloodstream. lymph lymph vessels regional lymph nodes larger lymph nodes venous system Right heart Final destination 1) to maintain the pressure and volume of the interstitial fluid and blood by returning excess water & dissolved substances from the interstitial fluid to circulation 2) lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues site of clonal production of immunocompetent lymphocytes & macrophages in the specific immune response air passages & lungs supply oxygen to the blood eliminate carbon dioxide from it. digestive tract from the mouth to the anus all its associated organs & glands function in: ingestion chewing Swallowing digestion absorption of food elimination of the solid waste (feces) kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, & urethra filter blood produce, transport, store, & intermittently excrete urine (liquid waste) consists of the gonads (ovaries and testes) that produce oocytes (eggs) and sperms, the ducts that transport them, and the genitalia that enable their union. specialized structures secreting hormones discrete ductless endocrine glands isolated and clustered cells of the gut and blood vessel walls specialized nerve endings. Hormones influence metabolism & other processes menstrual cycle pregnancy parturition (giving birth) 2. NERVOUS SYSTEM CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM brain + spinal cord PERIPHEREAL NERVOUS SYSTEM consists of nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS. conduct impulses to or away from the CNS. organized into nerves that connect the CNS with peripheral structures Nerve cell Neuron structural & functional units of the nervous system Neuroglia- cells supporting neurons Neurons are specialized for rapid communication. Neuron has: Axon carries information Dendirites in communication with the surrounding neurons A collection of neurons for doing the same function(s) In the CNS Nucleus (pl., nuclei) In the PNS Ganglion (pl., ganglia) A nerve fiber TWO TYPES efferent fibers goes down from the brain or leaves out from the spinal cord to the periphery carrying information to accomplish a behavior/action afferent fibers carries information from periphery or from spinal cord to the brain Arc reflex Somatic fibers General sensory fibers general somatic afferent [GSA] fibers Transmit sensations from the body to the CNS Exteroceptive sensations from skin pain, temperature, touch, & pressure or pain Proprioceptive sensations from muscles, tendons, and joints Somatic fibers Somatic motor fibers general somatic efferent [GSE] fibers transmit impulses to skeletal (voluntary) muscles. Visceral fibers Visceral sensory fibers general visceral afferent [GVA] fibers transmit pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations e.g. information concerning distension, blood gas, and blood pressure levels from hollow organs and blood vessels to CNS Visceral fibers Visceral motor fibers general visceral efferent [GVE] fibers Transmit impulses to smooth muscles & glandular tissues. presynaptic & postsynapti fibers conduct impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle or glands. presynaptic fibers postsynaptic fibers somatic parts of the CNS & PNS provides sensory & motor innervation to all parts of the body (G. soma) except viscera in the body cavities, smooth muscle, and glands transmits sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and position from sensory receptors somatic motor system innervates only skeletal muscle visceral nervous system or visceral motor system motor fibers that stimulate smooth (involuntary) muscle modified cardiac muscle glandular (secretory) cells Brodmann areas Cytoarchitecture 47 functional areas Primary motor area Brodmann area (BA) 4 In a spinal nerve you will find: Motor fibers Sensory fibers Autonomic nervous system fibers journey of a signal in order to raise an arm Brodman area 4 located in the frontal lobe White matter tracts (formed by axons) Spinal cord (anterior part) Anterior root Spinal nerve Anterior ramus (branch) Somatic plexus involved Nerve from that plexus Muscle of interest topographical anatomy organization of the human body as major parts or segments Head Neck Trunk thorax, abdomen, back, & pelvis/perineum Upper limbs & lower limbs Anterior aspect of the leg Diaphragm divides body cavity into thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities. Mediastinum contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except the lungs. Ventral Body Cavity Membranes Parietal serosa lines internal body walls. Visceral serosa covers the internal organs. Cavity between two membranes filled with lubricating serous fluid that is produced by the membranes. Serous Membranes: Named for Their Specific Cavities& Organs Pericardium refers to heart. Pleura refers to lungs and thoracic cavity. Peritoneum refers to abdominopelvic cavity. Other Body Cavities Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose Orbital – house the eyes Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations Synovial – joint cavities Anatomists have divided the body into several regions. These regions help localize disease names, surgeries, and have other medical implications. American Federation for Medical Research Southern Regional Meeting Abstracts 2012 Head & neck includes everything above the thoracic inlet. Upper limb includes the hand, wrist, forearm, elbow, arm, and shoulder. Thorax the region of the chest from the thoracic inlet to the thoracic diaphragm. Abdomen from the diaphragm to the pelvic inlet Back spine and its components, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, and intervertebral discs Pelvis & Perineum Pelvis consists of everything from the pelvic inlet to the pelvic diaphragm. Perineum the region between the sex organs & anus. Lower limb include the gluteal region, the thigh, the knee, the leg, the ankle, and the foot. Gluteal region Between the iliac crest & skin fold (gluteal fold) Topographical divisions of the abdomen are used to describe the location of abdominal organs and the pain associated with abdominal problems. The two schemes most often used are: a four-quadrant pattern a nine-region pattern A horizontal line passing through the umbliculus transumblical plane intersecting with the vertical median plane divides the abdomen into four quadrants. right upper quadrant left upper quadrant right lower quadrant left lower quadrant based on two horizontal and two vertical planes Superior horizontal plane (subcostal plane) inferior to the costal margins Inferior horizontal plane (intertubercular plane) connects the tubercles of the iliac crests on the hip bone. Vertical planes pass from the midpoint of the clavicles inferiorly. 4 planes divide the abdomen into 9 regions superiorly right hypochondrium epigastric region left hypochondrium inferiorly right groin (inguinal region) pubic region left groin (inguinal region) in the middle right lateral (lumbar) region umbilical region left lateral (lumbar) region