Download reGIONS in the body

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt, 1632
Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.
25. September 2012 Tuesday
1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
1.1. Systems in the body
2. NERVOUS SYSTEM
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3. INTRODUCTION TO REGIONAL ANATOMY
3.1. Cavities in the body
3.2. Regions in the body
3.2.1. Regions in the abdomen
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1. INTRODUCTION TO
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
Trillions of the cells in the human body
1. INTRODUCTION TO
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
Tissues
1. INTRODUCTION TO
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
78 organs in the body
1. INTRODUCTION TO
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
12 systems
1. INTRODUCTION TO
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
1. Integumentary system
2. Skeletal System
3. Articular system
4. Muscular System
5. Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System
6. Lymphatic system
8. Digestive (Alimentary) System
9. Urinary (Excretory) System
10. Reproductive (Genital) System
11. Endocrine System
12. Nervous system
Skin is the largest organ of the body.
It consists of the epidermis and the dermis.
bones and cartilages
provides our basic shape
and support for the body.
the muscular system acts on
to produce movement.
protects vital organs such as
the heart, lungs, & pelvic
organs.
joints & their associated ligaments
Joints & ligaments connect the bony parts of the skeletal
system and provide the sites at which movements occur.
: The three types of muscle can be characterized by whether they are
controlled voluntarily or involuntarily, whether they appear striated
(striped) or smooth, and whether they are associated with the body
wall (somatic), or with organs and blood vessels (visceral).
transports fluids throughout the body.
the heart and blood vessels make up the blood transportation
network, the cardiovascular system.
Heart pumps blood throughout the body
Blood vessels, closed network of tubes, transport the blood.
3 types of blood vessels
Arteries transport blood away from the heart.
Veins transport blood toward the heart.
Capillaries connect the arteries and veins.
where oxygen, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged within the tissues.
Arteries in 3 classes
according to
1. Amount of smooth muscles & elastic fibers @ tunica media
2. Size of the vessel
3. Its function
1. Large
elastic arteries
2. Medium
muscular arteries
3. Small arteries and
arterioles
Large elastic arteries
Too much elastic fibers @ tunica media
Expansion and recoil and constant blood flow to the heart
An example aorta
Medium muscular arteries
Smooth muscles @ tunica media
Regulation of the diameter of vessels and control of the flow to the
parts of the body.
An example radial artery
Small arteries and arterioles
control the filling of the capillaries
contribute to the arterial pressure in the vascular system.
Veins into three classes
Large veins
thickest layer tunica externa
superior vena cava & inferior vena cava
Small and medium veins
small amounts of smooth muscle
superficial veins in the upper and lower limbs
deeper veins of the leg and forearm
Venules
smallest veins
drain the capillaries
Walls of the blood vessels consist of
three layers or tunics
1. tunica externa (adventitia) outer connective tissue layer
2. tunica media middle smooth muscle layer
3. tunica intima inner endothelial lining of the blood vessels
Right heart (Suction)
poorly- oxygenated(venous) blood
from the body
superior vena cava & inferior vena cava
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary arteries
lungs
Left heart (Pumping)
well- oxygenated (arterial) blood
from the lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta
the body
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The main artery in the body
aorta.
Arteries have also branches
themselves.
Blood flow in arteries
Blood flow in veins
Arteries have branches
Arteries from the artery
Veins have tributaries
Veins drain into veins
Some arteries
divided into part
by distinct
muscles!
maxillary artery
anastomosis
stoma= mouth
a network of lymphatic vessels
These vessels take the excess tissue fluid lymph
from the body's intercellular fluid compartment
returns it to the bloodstream.
lymph
lymph vessels
regional lymph nodes
larger lymph nodes
venous system
Right heart
Final destination
1) to maintain the pressure and volume of the interstitial fluid and
blood
by returning excess water & dissolved substances from the interstitial fluid to circulation
2) lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues
site of clonal production of immunocompetent lymphocytes & macrophages
in the specific immune response
air passages & lungs
supply oxygen to the blood
eliminate carbon dioxide from it.
digestive tract
from the mouth to the anus
all its associated organs & glands
function in:
ingestion
chewing
Swallowing
digestion
absorption of food
elimination of the solid waste (feces)
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, & urethra
filter blood
produce, transport, store, & intermittently excrete
urine (liquid waste)
consists of the gonads (ovaries and testes) that produce
oocytes (eggs) and sperms, the ducts that transport them, and
the genitalia that enable their union.
specialized structures secreting hormones
discrete ductless endocrine glands
isolated and clustered cells of the
gut and blood vessel walls
specialized nerve endings.
Hormones
influence metabolism & other processes
menstrual cycle
pregnancy
parturition (giving birth)
2. NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
brain + spinal cord
PERIPHEREAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
consists of nerve fibers and cell bodies
outside the CNS.
conduct impulses to or away from the CNS.
organized into nerves that connect the CNS
with peripheral structures
Nerve cell Neuron
structural & functional units of the nervous system
Neuroglia- cells supporting neurons
Neurons are specialized for rapid communication.
Neuron has:
Axon carries information
Dendirites in communication with the surrounding neurons
A collection of neurons for doing the same function(s)
In the CNS Nucleus (pl., nuclei)
In the PNS Ganglion (pl., ganglia)
A nerve fiber
TWO TYPES
efferent fibers
goes down from the brain or leaves out from the spinal cord
to the periphery
carrying information to accomplish a behavior/action
afferent fibers
carries information from periphery or from spinal cord to the brain
Arc reflex
Somatic fibers
General sensory fibers
general somatic afferent [GSA] fibers
Transmit sensations from the body to the CNS
Exteroceptive sensations from
skin pain, temperature, touch, & pressure or pain
Proprioceptive sensations from
muscles, tendons, and joints
Somatic fibers
Somatic motor fibers
general somatic efferent [GSE] fibers
transmit impulses to skeletal (voluntary) muscles.
Visceral fibers
Visceral sensory fibers
general visceral afferent [GVA] fibers
transmit pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations
e.g. information concerning distension, blood gas, and blood pressure levels
from hollow organs and blood vessels to CNS
Visceral fibers
Visceral motor fibers
general visceral efferent [GVE] fibers
Transmit impulses to smooth muscles & glandular tissues.
presynaptic & postsynapti fibers
conduct impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle or glands.
presynaptic
fibers
postsynaptic
fibers
somatic parts of the CNS & PNS
provides sensory & motor innervation to all parts of the body
(G. soma)
except viscera in the body cavities, smooth muscle, and glands
transmits sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and position
from sensory receptors
somatic motor system innervates only skeletal muscle
visceral nervous system or visceral motor system
motor fibers that stimulate
smooth (involuntary) muscle
modified cardiac muscle
glandular (secretory) cells
Brodmann areas
Cytoarchitecture
47 functional areas
Primary motor area
Brodmann area (BA) 4
In a spinal nerve you will find:
Motor fibers
Sensory fibers
Autonomic nervous system fibers
journey of a signal in order to raise an arm
Brodman area 4 located in the frontal lobe
White matter tracts (formed by axons)
Spinal cord (anterior part)
Anterior root
Spinal nerve
Anterior ramus (branch)
Somatic plexus involved
Nerve from that plexus
Muscle of interest
topographical anatomy
organization of the human body as
major parts or segments
Head
Neck
Trunk
thorax, abdomen, back, & pelvis/perineum
Upper limbs & lower limbs
Anterior aspect of the leg
Diaphragm divides body cavity into thoracic & abdominopelvic
cavities.
Mediastinum contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except
the lungs.
Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Parietal serosa lines internal body walls.
Visceral serosa covers the internal organs.
Cavity between two membranes filled with lubricating serous
fluid that is produced by the membranes.
Serous Membranes: Named for Their Specific Cavities& Organs
Pericardium refers to heart.
Pleura refers to lungs and thoracic cavity.
Peritoneum refers to abdominopelvic cavity.
Other Body Cavities
Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs
Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose
Orbital – house the eyes
Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations
Synovial – joint cavities
Anatomists have divided the body into several regions.
These regions help localize disease names, surgeries, and
have other medical implications.
American Federation for Medical Research Southern Regional Meeting Abstracts
2012
Head & neck
includes everything above the thoracic inlet.
Upper limb
includes the hand, wrist, forearm, elbow, arm, and
shoulder.
Thorax
the region of the chest from the thoracic inlet to the
thoracic diaphragm.
Abdomen
from the diaphragm to the pelvic inlet
Back
spine and its components, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, and intervertebral discs
Pelvis & Perineum
Pelvis
consists of everything from the pelvic inlet to the pelvic diaphragm.
Perineum
the region between the sex organs & anus.
Lower limb
include the gluteal region, the thigh, the knee, the leg, the ankle, and the foot.
Gluteal region
Between the iliac crest
&
skin fold (gluteal fold)
Topographical divisions of the abdomen are used to describe the
location of abdominal organs and the pain associated with abdominal
problems.
The two schemes most often used are:
a four-quadrant pattern
a nine-region pattern
A horizontal line passing through
the umbliculus
transumblical plane
intersecting with the vertical
median plane divides the
abdomen into four quadrants.
right upper quadrant
left upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left lower quadrant
based on two horizontal and two vertical planes
Superior horizontal plane
(subcostal plane)
inferior to the costal margins
Inferior horizontal plane
(intertubercular plane)
connects the tubercles of the iliac crests
on the hip bone.
Vertical planes
pass from the midpoint of the clavicles
inferiorly.
4 planes divide the abdomen into 9 regions
superiorly
right hypochondrium
epigastric region
left hypochondrium
inferiorly
right groin (inguinal region)
pubic region
left groin (inguinal region)
in the middle
right lateral (lumbar) region
umbilical region
left lateral (lumbar) region