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Transcript
300-1000 CE After Roman order broke down Western Roman Empire taken over by Germanic rulers Rome lost political importance › Still retained influence in Western church with the bishop of Rome › Led to position of pope Few were educated: Priests and monks › Retained Latin Uneducated developed Romance languages Europe divided into 3 zones 1. Spoke Romance languages (west and south) 2. Spoke Germanic and Scandinavian dialects (north and northeast) 3. Spoke Slavic languages (east) New threats (Arabs Spain) Military effectiveness key to emergence of Carolingian Empire › Charlemagne: 1st Emperor of Western Europe Empire divided by Treaty of Verdun (843) 1. Eastern portion 2. Middle portion 3. Western portion › Ruled by Charlemagne’s grandsons Fall of Rome fall of Roman institutions Wheat went to Constantinople Germanic lords replaced Roman governors Disappearance of literacy and civilized life Manors: self-sufficient farming estates Serfs: agricultural workers in manors Feudalism: kings gave land for military service Claimed jurisdiction over Europe’s pop. Problems: paganism and worship of nature Papacy: office of pope Church hierarchy intended to ensure Christian belief › Disagreement: Jesus the Holy Spirit God, the Father, Schism: formal division from disagreements over doctrine Holy Roman Empire › Confederation of German princes › Represented general Christian interests The law of church › Pope jurisdiction over clergy and church property › Secular rulers vs. Pope Investiture controversy: struggle between popes and kings/emperors Western Europe had 3 traditions 1. Feudal law with Germanic custom 2. Church law of a single institution with jurisdiction over all Western Christendom 3. Roman law (studied) Monasticism: way of life practiced in monastery Monasteries were centers of literacy › › Benedictine Rule: independent monasteries Cluniac movement: set patterns for organizations of monasteries, cathedrals, and preaching friars Christian society changed Europe › Discouraged overt sexuality › Discouraged slavery › Non-Christians were feared and dangerous Pope either protected or expelled Jews Christianity provided framework for society › Preserved features of Roman and German past The Byzantine Empire was a European Christian Empire and represented the continuation of Roman Imperial rule. They excersized Caesaropapism which made a role of an all powerful Christian Monarch. Byzantium was a millennium old Greek City that in 324 CE, Constantine decided would become his new capitol of Constantinople. Despite the fact that he erected a large statue of Apollo and still kept the name of pontifex maximus or chief priest, he was still partial to Christianity. Rome eventually claimed independence and authority over Western Christendom. The Byzantine Emperor appointed the patriarch of Constantinople and overall the Byzantine Empire was torn for centuries over theologies and quarrels between patriarchs of the important cities such as Alexandria and Antioch. Being ruled by a single leader, Byzantium’s leader had sole power over legislation and religion. In the fourth century Germanic Goths and nomadic Huns threatened the North and The Sasanid family’s Iranian Empire threatened from the East. By the twelfth century, two-thirds of the Christians in the former Byzantine territory had adopted Muslim faith due to the followers of Muhammad’s take over of the Sasanid Empire and several other countries. Latin Principalities were established on the Byzantine Empire because the Fourth Crusades decision to sack Constantinople. This occurred due to the loss of most of the Christian populace for that had caused the Byzantine Empire’s permanent degradation on a political stand point. The disappearance of the local urban notables led to a gap between the rural landowners and peasants which allowed a family-based military aristocracy to emerge. Women gradually were forced to a more rigid lifestyle, only talking to male relatives and when in public they had to veil their face. In the period from 1028-1056 though women ruled with their husbands. Byzantine Emperors still were able to traditionally set prices, control the provision of grain to the capitol, and monopolize trade in goods. (EX: Tyrian Purple Cloth) There was little recognition of the deterioration of the Economy due to the inheritance from the Roman Empire. The Emperor had ultimate control over religious disputes and his power persisted in legal affairs. The Emperor Justinian (527-565 CE) ordered a collection of the laws and edicts to be made which were then compiled into Latin and called Corpus Juris Civilis. Of cultural importance was the dome architecture of the Byzantiums as these types of buildings were very rare in the western lands of the Roman Empire. A cultural achievement of the Byzantium Culture was when the two brothers Cyril and Methodius traveled to The Slavs of Moravia (modern day Czech Republic) where they preached in the local language and perfected the writing system of Cyrillic. Cyrillic was used by the Slavic Christians adhering to the Byzantine rite. Constantinople was felled by the Fourth Crusade in 1204 and The Byzantium Empire fell in 1453. The Byzantiums knew their time was coming due to the fact that the were being surpassed by the Western Europeans and that they had lost most of their most valued territories.