Download LAN 402 Beginning Greek II

LAN 402 BEGINNING
GREEK II
Class IV Introduction to Participles and
Adverbial Participle
Introduction to Participles
1.1 English Participles [-ING]
 Participle
is formed by adding –ing to a verb
 The
child, playing next to crib, is my son.
 After singing, I will go to eat
* Gerund & part. identical in English
 Participles
 While

 The

– verbal adjectives
playing, my child gave me the look
“playing” tells something about “gave” [verbal aspect]
boy, reading the book, is my student
“reading” tells something about the student [adjectival aspect]
Introduction to Participles
 Participle
can have modifiers (dir. object, adverb etc.)
 Participial

phrase – identify beginning and end
While drinking, she noticed him
 Who drinks, she or he?
 Word order crucial in English!
Introduction to Participles
1.2 Participle in Greek [-ντ/-οτ]
 Many
of the same rules apply to Greek
 Adverbial
and adjectival characteristics
 Verb: Tense
(pr., aor., pf.) and voice (act., mid., pass.)
 Adjective: agrees w/ the word it modifies in case, number, gender
 Formation
– is built on VERB:
 λύω  λύοντες
 πιστεύω  πιστεύσαντες

ποιέω  πεποιηκότες
Introduction to Participles
 Verb
+ (con vowel) + part. morpheme + case ending
 λυ + ο + ντ + ες  λύοντες
 πιστευ + σα + ντ + ες  πιστεύσαντες
 πεποιη + κ + οτ + ες  πεποιηκότες
 Participle
 Type
& Aspect
of action rather than time most important!
Aspect
Tense Stem
Present
Continuous action
Present
Aorist
Undefined action
Aorist
Perfect
Completed action
w/ present effects
Perfect
Introduction to Participles
1.3 Verbal and Adjectival participle
 Two
basic uses of participle
participle  action directed toward a verb
 Translate with adverbial phrase
 Adverbial

While studying for his Greek exam, he passed out
participle  action of the participle modifies
noun or pronoun
 Translate with adjectival phrase
 Adjectival

The car running outside belongs to John
Introduction to Participles
1.3.1 Verbal side of the participle
 Participles
built on pr., aor., or pf. stem
 λυ + ο + ντ + ες  λύοντες [built
on present stem]
 πιστευ + σα + ντ + ες  πιστεύσαντες* [built on aorist stem]
 πεποιη + κ + οτ + ες  πεποιηκότες [built on perfect stem]

*NOTE: there is no augment in aorist participle!
 Voice
of the participle – active, middle, or passive
 ἀκούοντες –
active (word it modifies does the action)
 ἀκουόμενοι – passive (word it modifies receives the action)
 ἐρχόμενοι - middle (deponent)
Introduction to Participles
1.3.2 Adjectival side of the participle
 Participle
 Case,

agrees with the noun it modifies in
Number, Gender
E.g. The man, eating ice cream, is my uncle.
 Man = masc., sg. nom.
 Eating = masc., sg. nom.
ἔβλεψετε τὸν ἄντθρωπον τὸν διδάσκοντα τὴν κοινήν
You saw the man who was teaching the Koine
 ἄνθρωπον = acc. masc. sg.
 διδάσκοντα = acc. masc. sg.
 Who is “teaching” and who “saw” here?
Introduction to Participles
2.1 Present Adverbial Participles
Built on present stem tense
 Describes continuous action



Not always possible to convey in translation
Adverbial participle

Action described by the participle is related to the verb

In practice translate with adverb “while/because” + “-ing”
ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἀπέθανε διδάσκων τὴν κοινήν
The man died while teaching [the] Koine
 Part. Agrees with the noun in case, number, gender
The adverbial participle is always anarthrous [w/o article]
 The present part. does not necessarily refer to present time!

Introduction to Participles
2.1.1 Present participle
Pr. Stem + con. vowel + part. Morpheme + case endings
πιστευ + ο + ντ + ες  πιστεύοντες
 The
four possible participle morphemes
 -ντ
active morpheme in masculine & neuter (3rd declension)
λύοντες, λύοντα
 -ουσα
active morpheme in feminine (1st declension)
λύουσαι
 -μενο/μενη
middle/passive morpheme
λυόμενος, λυομένη, λυόμενον
Introduction to Participles

Paradigm – Present Participle, Active
Masculine (3) Feminine (1)
Neuter (3)
Sg. Acc.
λύων
λύοντος
λύοντι
λύοντα
λύουσα
λυούσης
λυούσῃ
λύουσαν
λῦον
λύοντος
λύοντι
λῦον
Pl. Nom.
λύοντες
λύουσαι
λύοντα
Pl. Gen.
Pl. Dat.
λυόντων
λύουσι(ν)
λυουσῶν
λυούσαις
λυόντων
λύουσι(ν)
Pl. Acc.
λύοντας
λυούσας
λύοντα
Sg. Nom.
Sg. Gen.
Sg. Dat.
Introduction to Participles
Nom. sg.
Masc.
ων
Fem.
ουσα
Neut.
ον
Gen. sg.
οντος
ουσης
οντος
Contract verbs - ἀγαπα + οντος  ἀγαπῶντος
εἰμί – pt. act.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Nom. sg.
ὤν
οὖσα
ὄν
Gen. sg.
ὄντος
οὔσης
ὄντος
Dat. sg.
ὄντι
οὔσῃ
ὄντι
Acc. sg.
ὄντα
οὖσαν
ὄν
Nom. pl.
ὄντες
οὖσαι
ὄντα
Gen. pl.
ὄντων
οὐσῶν
ὄντων
Dat. pl.
οὖσι(ν)
οὔσαις
οὖσι(ν)
Acc. pl.
ὄντας
οὔσας
ὄντα
Introduction to Participles
2.1.2 Present Participle Middle/Passive

Pr. stem + con. vowel + mid/pass. morpheme + case endings
λυ +
ο+
μενο +
ι  λυόμενοι
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Sg. Nom.
λυόμενος
λυομένη
λυόμενον
Sg. Gen.
λυομένου
λυομένης
λυομένου
Sg. Dat.
λυομένῳ
λυομένῃ
λυομένῳ
Sg. Acc.
λυόμενον
λυομένην
λυόμενον
Pl. nom.
λυόμενοι
λυόμεναι
λυόμενα
Pl. gen.
λυομένων
λυομένων
λυομένων
Pl. dat.
λυομένοις
λυομέναις
λυομέμοις
Pl. acc.
λυομένους λυομένας
λυόμενα
Introduction to Participles
2.2 Translation procedures
– present tense  continuous
 Voice – active, middle, passive
 Meaning
 Aspect
 Lexical
form of the verb – which word part. modifies?
 Translation
options – use context as a clue
 “-ing”
 Passive:
“-ing” + english past participle
 Temporal or causal [cause/reason] meaning?
Introduction to Participles
 Basic
“-ing” translation
παραγίνεται Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτιστὴς κηρύσσων ἐν τἦ ἐρήμω
John the Baptist came, preaching in the desert.
 Passive
– “-ing” + English past participle
Τί ἐξήλθατε εἰς τὴν ἔρημον θεάσασθαι, κάλαμον ὑπὸ ἀνέμου
σαλευόμενον
What did you go out into the desert to see? A reed being
shaken by the wind.
Introduction to Participles

More difficult examples - temporal/causal
 Temporal
– “-ing” + while
Παράγων εἶδεν Λευὶν τὸν τοῦ Ἁλφαίου
While passing by, he saw Levi the son of Alphaeus
 Causal
– “because…”
Ἰωσὴφ...δίκαιος ὤν...ἐβουλήθη λάθρα ἀπολῦσαι αὐτήν
Joseph, because he was righteous, decided to divorce her quietly
Introduction to Participles
 Relative
time
participle – relative time [not absolute time]
 Aspect more important than time
 Pr. part. describes action that occurs at the same time as the
main verb  past verb, translate part. in past continuous
 Greek
Περιπατῶν δὲ παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν τῆς Γαλιλαίας εἶδεν δύο
ἀδελφούς
As he was walking by the Sea of Galilee, he saw two brothers
Introduction to Participles

Practice
 Parsing
p. 107
 Warm-up p. 107

Homework
 p.
109, no: 7-10