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LAN 402 BEGINNING GREEK II Class IV Introduction to Participles and Adverbial Participle Introduction to Participles 1.1 English Participles [-ING] Participle is formed by adding –ing to a verb The child, playing next to crib, is my son. After singing, I will go to eat * Gerund & part. identical in English Participles While The – verbal adjectives playing, my child gave me the look “playing” tells something about “gave” [verbal aspect] boy, reading the book, is my student “reading” tells something about the student [adjectival aspect] Introduction to Participles Participle can have modifiers (dir. object, adverb etc.) Participial phrase – identify beginning and end While drinking, she noticed him Who drinks, she or he? Word order crucial in English! Introduction to Participles 1.2 Participle in Greek [-ντ/-οτ] Many of the same rules apply to Greek Adverbial and adjectival characteristics Verb: Tense (pr., aor., pf.) and voice (act., mid., pass.) Adjective: agrees w/ the word it modifies in case, number, gender Formation – is built on VERB: λύω λύοντες πιστεύω πιστεύσαντες ποιέω πεποιηκότες Introduction to Participles Verb + (con vowel) + part. morpheme + case ending λυ + ο + ντ + ες λύοντες πιστευ + σα + ντ + ες πιστεύσαντες πεποιη + κ + οτ + ες πεποιηκότες Participle Type & Aspect of action rather than time most important! Aspect Tense Stem Present Continuous action Present Aorist Undefined action Aorist Perfect Completed action w/ present effects Perfect Introduction to Participles 1.3 Verbal and Adjectival participle Two basic uses of participle participle action directed toward a verb Translate with adverbial phrase Adverbial While studying for his Greek exam, he passed out participle action of the participle modifies noun or pronoun Translate with adjectival phrase Adjectival The car running outside belongs to John Introduction to Participles 1.3.1 Verbal side of the participle Participles built on pr., aor., or pf. stem λυ + ο + ντ + ες λύοντες [built on present stem] πιστευ + σα + ντ + ες πιστεύσαντες* [built on aorist stem] πεποιη + κ + οτ + ες πεποιηκότες [built on perfect stem] *NOTE: there is no augment in aorist participle! Voice of the participle – active, middle, or passive ἀκούοντες – active (word it modifies does the action) ἀκουόμενοι – passive (word it modifies receives the action) ἐρχόμενοι - middle (deponent) Introduction to Participles 1.3.2 Adjectival side of the participle Participle Case, agrees with the noun it modifies in Number, Gender E.g. The man, eating ice cream, is my uncle. Man = masc., sg. nom. Eating = masc., sg. nom. ἔβλεψετε τὸν ἄντθρωπον τὸν διδάσκοντα τὴν κοινήν You saw the man who was teaching the Koine ἄνθρωπον = acc. masc. sg. διδάσκοντα = acc. masc. sg. Who is “teaching” and who “saw” here? Introduction to Participles 2.1 Present Adverbial Participles Built on present stem tense Describes continuous action Not always possible to convey in translation Adverbial participle Action described by the participle is related to the verb In practice translate with adverb “while/because” + “-ing” ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἀπέθανε διδάσκων τὴν κοινήν The man died while teaching [the] Koine Part. Agrees with the noun in case, number, gender The adverbial participle is always anarthrous [w/o article] The present part. does not necessarily refer to present time! Introduction to Participles 2.1.1 Present participle Pr. Stem + con. vowel + part. Morpheme + case endings πιστευ + ο + ντ + ες πιστεύοντες The four possible participle morphemes -ντ active morpheme in masculine & neuter (3rd declension) λύοντες, λύοντα -ουσα active morpheme in feminine (1st declension) λύουσαι -μενο/μενη middle/passive morpheme λυόμενος, λυομένη, λυόμενον Introduction to Participles Paradigm – Present Participle, Active Masculine (3) Feminine (1) Neuter (3) Sg. Acc. λύων λύοντος λύοντι λύοντα λύουσα λυούσης λυούσῃ λύουσαν λῦον λύοντος λύοντι λῦον Pl. Nom. λύοντες λύουσαι λύοντα Pl. Gen. Pl. Dat. λυόντων λύουσι(ν) λυουσῶν λυούσαις λυόντων λύουσι(ν) Pl. Acc. λύοντας λυούσας λύοντα Sg. Nom. Sg. Gen. Sg. Dat. Introduction to Participles Nom. sg. Masc. ων Fem. ουσα Neut. ον Gen. sg. οντος ουσης οντος Contract verbs - ἀγαπα + οντος ἀγαπῶντος εἰμί – pt. act. Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom. sg. ὤν οὖσα ὄν Gen. sg. ὄντος οὔσης ὄντος Dat. sg. ὄντι οὔσῃ ὄντι Acc. sg. ὄντα οὖσαν ὄν Nom. pl. ὄντες οὖσαι ὄντα Gen. pl. ὄντων οὐσῶν ὄντων Dat. pl. οὖσι(ν) οὔσαις οὖσι(ν) Acc. pl. ὄντας οὔσας ὄντα Introduction to Participles 2.1.2 Present Participle Middle/Passive Pr. stem + con. vowel + mid/pass. morpheme + case endings λυ + ο+ μενο + ι λυόμενοι Masc. Fem. Neut. Sg. Nom. λυόμενος λυομένη λυόμενον Sg. Gen. λυομένου λυομένης λυομένου Sg. Dat. λυομένῳ λυομένῃ λυομένῳ Sg. Acc. λυόμενον λυομένην λυόμενον Pl. nom. λυόμενοι λυόμεναι λυόμενα Pl. gen. λυομένων λυομένων λυομένων Pl. dat. λυομένοις λυομέναις λυομέμοις Pl. acc. λυομένους λυομένας λυόμενα Introduction to Participles 2.2 Translation procedures – present tense continuous Voice – active, middle, passive Meaning Aspect Lexical form of the verb – which word part. modifies? Translation options – use context as a clue “-ing” Passive: “-ing” + english past participle Temporal or causal [cause/reason] meaning? Introduction to Participles Basic “-ing” translation παραγίνεται Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτιστὴς κηρύσσων ἐν τἦ ἐρήμω John the Baptist came, preaching in the desert. Passive – “-ing” + English past participle Τί ἐξήλθατε εἰς τὴν ἔρημον θεάσασθαι, κάλαμον ὑπὸ ἀνέμου σαλευόμενον What did you go out into the desert to see? A reed being shaken by the wind. Introduction to Participles More difficult examples - temporal/causal Temporal – “-ing” + while Παράγων εἶδεν Λευὶν τὸν τοῦ Ἁλφαίου While passing by, he saw Levi the son of Alphaeus Causal – “because…” Ἰωσὴφ...δίκαιος ὤν...ἐβουλήθη λάθρα ἀπολῦσαι αὐτήν Joseph, because he was righteous, decided to divorce her quietly Introduction to Participles Relative time participle – relative time [not absolute time] Aspect more important than time Pr. part. describes action that occurs at the same time as the main verb past verb, translate part. in past continuous Greek Περιπατῶν δὲ παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν τῆς Γαλιλαίας εἶδεν δύο ἀδελφούς As he was walking by the Sea of Galilee, he saw two brothers Introduction to Participles Practice Parsing p. 107 Warm-up p. 107 Homework p. 109, no: 7-10