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Animal Kingdom - Characteristics: __multicellular___, ___heterotrophic___, __eukaryotic____ - Feeding/Digestion o __heterotrophic___: feed on other organisms o Structure of the ___mouth___ determines how o Digestion : through __specific cells__ or ___internal body cavities or organs____ - Support o 95%-99% are __invertebrates___: animals without backbone o Covered with __exoskeleton_: hard or tough outer coverings ___provides support___ __protects soft body tissues_______ ___prevents water loss____________ ____provide protection from predators______ o ___vertebrates__: animal with backbone __endoskeleton__ inside skeleton ___some made of cartilage____ ___some made of bone____ ___protects internal organs___ ___provide support for the body__ ___some made of calcium carbonate___ _____Internal brace for muscles to pull against______ - Habitats o Variety of adaptations - Cell Structure o No _cell wall___ o Cells organized into _tissue__ - Movement o Evolution of __nerve__ and __muscle__ tissue allow for this to occur o Some stationary as _adults__ but move at some stage of development - Reproduction o Most reproduce _sexually__ o Male produce __sperm___ female produce __eggs___ o __hermaphrodites___ produce both egg and sperm at different times o __fertilization__ occurs when the sperm penetrates the egg to form a fertilized egg called the __zygote___ _internal fertilization___ egg and sperm combine inside animal body __external fertilization____ egg and sperm combine outside animal body o __asexual reproduction_ single parent reproduction __budding___ an offspring develops as a growth on the body of the parent ___fragmentation___ the parent breaks into pieces and each piece can develop into an adult animal __regeneration___ a new organism can regenerate, or regrow, from a lost body part if the part contains enough genetic information ___parthenogenesis___ a female animal produces eggs that develop without being fertilized - Early Development o __embryo__ developing animal after the first cell division, zygote forms two cells o Embryo continues division and forms a ball of fluid filled cells called __blastula__ o The blastula cells keep dividing while cells move inward to form a ___gastrula___ which forms a two cells sac which opening at one end o Tissue Development Inner layer of cells of gastrula __endoderm___ develop into the digestive organs and lining of digestive tract The outer layer of cells of gastrula _ectoderm_ continue to grow and become the nervous tissue and skin Sometimes another layer of cells __mesoderm___ forms between the endoderm and ectoderm, becomes muscle tissue, circulatory system, excretory system, respiratory system - Animal Body Plans o __symmetry___ describes the similarity or balance among the body structure _asymmetry___ no symmetry, irregular shape, no tissue, sponge __radial symmetry____ central axis, divide in many equal halves, two cell layers, jellyfish __bilateral symmetry___ divided to form mirror images, three cell layers, bird ___cephalization___ the tendency to concentrate nervous system and sensory organs at anterior end o __anterior___ head end o ___posterior____ tail end o ___dorsal____ backside o ___ventral_ underside, belly o Body Cavities: Gut/digestive system __coelomates_____fluid filled cavity that develops entirely within the mesoderm, creates more advance structures and specialized organs __protostomes___ organisms in which the mouth develops from the first opening is the gastrula __deuterostomes__ the anus develops from the first opening and the mouth develops later ___pseudocoelomates______ fluid filled body cavity that develops between the mesoderm and the endoderm ___acoelomates_____ do not have a fluid filled cavity, nutrition and wastes diffuse from one cell to another, no circulatory system o Segmentation If one section damaged the others can still work Movement if more efficient - Sponges o Phylum __Porifera__ o ___asymmetrical__________ o ___acoelomates____ instead have two independent layers of cells with a jellylike substance between them o Water and wastes are expelled from the sponge through the __osculum___, a mouth like opening at the top o ___filter feeder___ feed by filtering small particles from water o Digestion takes place within each cell o Larvae are __free swimming___ but adults are _sessile__, attach and stay in one place o ___archaeocytes____ are cells involved in digestion, production of egg and sperm, excretion Some secrete __spicules__ the support structure of sponges, made of a protein called ___spongin_____ o Classes of Sponges: based on support systems Demospongiae: spicules composed of __spongin___, __silica__ or both Calcarea: spicules composed of ___calcium carbonate_____ Hexactinellida: spicules composed of ____silica____ o Responding to environment No __nervous system__ respond to touch by closing __pores__ to stop water flow o Reproduction Asexually through __fragmentation___, through _budding___, or producing _gemmules__. Gemmules contain __sponge cells__ protected that allow them to survive then grow when conditions are right Sexually Sponges are hermaphrodite. _the eggs_ remain in the sponge, _sperm__ released in the water and carried to another sponge to the __collar cells___. Collar cells change into specialized cells After fertilization zygote develops into a __larvae__, free swimming with a _flagella__. Then this attaches to a __surface__ then develops into an _adult_ o Ecology __food___ for some tropical fish __creates habitat___ for some fish Benefits to humans __household scrubbing products___ Medical produce chemicals the discourage ___infections_ o __antibiotic__, _antiflamatory_. __antitumor__ - Cnidarians o Phylum _Cnidaria__ o ___jellyfish_____, __sea anemones, hydras____ o Body Structure _one__ body opening _most have__ two layers of cells organized into tissues Outer layer __protecting__ internal body Inner layer functions mainly in __digestion__ _radial__ symmetry Adapted to __aquatic floating___ or _sessile__ attachment o Feeding and digestion Tentacles are armed with stinging cells called __cnidocytes__ They contain _nematocysts__ a capsule that hold a coiled threadlike tube containing poison and barbs _osmotic pressure___ is used to trigger them based on touch When food stung _tentacles__ bring it to the mouth Inner cell layer surrounds a space called the ___gastrovascular cavity_______ which released digestive enzymes over the prey o Responding to stimuli Nervous system consisting of a __nerve net___ that conducts impulses to and from all parts of the body Have no __blood vessels___, _respiratory system__, __excretory system__ o Reproduction Two body forms _polyp__ a tube-shaped body and a mouth surrounded by tentacles and _medusa___ an umbrella shaped body with tentacles downward and mouth on ventral side In __medusa stage__ release egg and sperm into water where fertilization occurs Zygote develops into a __free swimming___ larvae that settle and grow into __polyps_____. The polyp reproduce __asexually___ to form a new __medusa__ o Classes of Cnidarians Hydroids Form __both__stage Form __colonies____ like the Portuguese man-of-war Freshwater __hydra____ Jellyfishes Float near _surface __ of water _medusa__ is the dominant form Stings can be fatal to humans Sea anemones Possess __stinging cells_ __polyp___ dominant stage Live as _individual__ animal Corals Possess __stinging cells___ __polyp___ dominant stage Live in __colonies____ Secrete __calcium carbonate__ to protect their soft bodies o Ecology __mutualism_ relationships in which both species benefit, in the water Human benefits Visiting Stony coral used in surgical procedures Implanted into bone grafts