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Animal Kingdom
- Characteristics: __multicellular___,
___heterotrophic___, __eukaryotic____
- Feeding/Digestion
o __heterotrophic___: feed on other organisms
o Structure of the ___mouth___ determines how
o Digestion : through __specific cells__ or
___internal body cavities or organs____
- Support
o 95%-99% are __invertebrates___: animals
without backbone
o Covered with __exoskeleton_: hard or tough
outer coverings
 ___provides support___
 __protects soft body tissues_______
 ___prevents water loss____________
 ____provide protection from
predators______
o ___vertebrates__: animal with backbone
 __endoskeleton__ inside skeleton
 ___some made of cartilage____
 ___some made of bone____
 ___protects internal organs___
 ___provide support for the body__
 ___some made of calcium carbonate___
 _____Internal brace for muscles to pull
against______
- Habitats
o Variety of adaptations
- Cell Structure
o No _cell wall___
o Cells organized into _tissue__
- Movement
o Evolution of __nerve__ and __muscle__ tissue
allow for this to occur
o Some stationary as _adults__ but move at some
stage of development
- Reproduction
o Most reproduce _sexually__
o Male produce __sperm___ female produce
__eggs___
o __hermaphrodites___ produce both egg and
sperm at different times
o __fertilization__ occurs when the sperm
penetrates the egg to form a fertilized egg called
the __zygote___
 _internal fertilization___ egg and sperm
combine inside animal body
 __external fertilization____ egg and sperm
combine outside animal body
o __asexual reproduction_ single parent
reproduction
 __budding___ an offspring develops as a
growth on the body of the parent
 ___fragmentation___ the parent breaks into
pieces and each piece can develop into an
adult animal
 __regeneration___ a new organism can
regenerate, or regrow, from a lost body part
if the part contains enough genetic
information
 ___parthenogenesis___ a female animal
produces eggs that develop without being
fertilized
- Early Development
o __embryo__ developing animal after the first
cell division, zygote forms two cells
o Embryo continues division and forms a ball of
fluid filled cells called __blastula__
o The blastula cells keep dividing while cells move
inward to form a ___gastrula___ which forms a
two cells sac which opening at one end
o Tissue Development
 Inner layer of cells of gastrula
__endoderm___ develop into the digestive
organs and lining of digestive tract
 The outer layer of cells of gastrula
_ectoderm_ continue to grow and become
the nervous tissue and skin
 Sometimes another layer of cells
__mesoderm___ forms between the
endoderm and ectoderm, becomes muscle
tissue, circulatory system, excretory system,
respiratory system
- Animal Body Plans
o __symmetry___ describes the similarity or
balance among the body structure
 _asymmetry___ no symmetry, irregular
shape, no tissue, sponge
 __radial symmetry____ central axis, divide
in many equal halves, two cell layers,
jellyfish
 __bilateral symmetry___ divided to form
mirror images, three cell layers, bird
 ___cephalization___ the tendency to
concentrate nervous system and sensory
organs at anterior end
o __anterior___ head end
o ___posterior____ tail end
o ___dorsal____ backside
o ___ventral_ underside, belly
o Body Cavities: Gut/digestive system
 __coelomates_____fluid filled cavity that
develops entirely within the mesoderm,
creates more advance structures and
specialized organs
 __protostomes___ organisms in which
the mouth develops from the first
opening is the gastrula
 __deuterostomes__ the anus develops
from the first opening and the mouth
develops later
 ___pseudocoelomates______ fluid filled
body cavity that develops between the
mesoderm and the endoderm
 ___acoelomates_____ do not have a fluid
filled cavity, nutrition and wastes diffuse
from one cell to another, no circulatory
system
o Segmentation
 If one section damaged the others can still
work
 Movement if more efficient
- Sponges
o Phylum __Porifera__
o ___asymmetrical__________
o ___acoelomates____ instead have two
independent layers of cells with a jellylike
substance between them
o Water and wastes are expelled from the sponge
through the __osculum___, a mouth like opening
at the top
o ___filter feeder___ feed by filtering small
particles from water
o Digestion takes place within each cell
o Larvae are __free swimming___ but adults are
_sessile__, attach and stay in one place
o ___archaeocytes____ are cells involved in
digestion, production of egg and sperm,
excretion
 Some secrete __spicules__ the support
structure of sponges, made of a protein
called ___spongin_____
o Classes of Sponges: based on support systems
 Demospongiae: spicules composed of
__spongin___, __silica__ or both
 Calcarea: spicules composed of ___calcium
carbonate_____
 Hexactinellida: spicules composed of
____silica____
o Responding to environment
 No __nervous system__ respond to touch by
closing __pores__ to stop water flow
o Reproduction
 Asexually through __fragmentation___,
through _budding___, or producing
_gemmules__.
 Gemmules contain __sponge cells__
protected that allow them to survive
then grow when conditions are right
 Sexually
 Sponges are hermaphrodite.
 _the eggs_ remain in the sponge,
_sperm__ released in the water and
carried to another sponge to the __collar
cells___.
 Collar cells change into specialized
cells
 After fertilization zygote develops into
a __larvae__, free swimming with a
_flagella__. Then this attaches to a
__surface__ then develops into an
_adult_
o Ecology
 __food___ for some tropical fish
 __creates habitat___ for some fish
 Benefits to humans
 __household scrubbing products___
 Medical produce chemicals the
discourage ___infections_
o __antibiotic__, _antiflamatory_.
__antitumor__
- Cnidarians
o Phylum _Cnidaria__
o ___jellyfish_____, __sea anemones, hydras____
o Body Structure
 _one__ body opening
 _most have__ two layers of cells organized
into tissues
 Outer layer __protecting__ internal
body
 Inner layer functions mainly in
__digestion__
 _radial__ symmetry
 Adapted to __aquatic floating___ or
_sessile__ attachment
o Feeding and digestion
 Tentacles are armed with stinging cells
called __cnidocytes__
 They contain _nematocysts__ a capsule that
hold a coiled threadlike tube containing
poison and barbs
 _osmotic pressure___ is used to trigger them
based on touch
 When food stung _tentacles__ bring it to the
mouth
 Inner cell layer surrounds a space called the
___gastrovascular cavity_______ which
released digestive enzymes over the prey
o Responding to stimuli
 Nervous system consisting of a __nerve
net___ that conducts impulses to and from
all parts of the body
 Have no __blood vessels___, _respiratory
system__, __excretory system__
o Reproduction
 Two body forms _polyp__ a tube-shaped
body and a mouth surrounded by tentacles
and _medusa___ an umbrella shaped body
with tentacles downward and mouth on
ventral side
 In __medusa stage__ release egg and sperm
into water where fertilization occurs
 Zygote develops into a __free swimming___
larvae that settle and grow into
__polyps_____.
 The polyp reproduce __asexually___ to
form a new __medusa__
o Classes of Cnidarians
 Hydroids
 Form __both__stage
 Form __colonies____ like the
Portuguese man-of-war
 Freshwater __hydra____
 Jellyfishes
 Float near _surface __ of water
 _medusa__ is the dominant form
 Stings can be fatal to humans
 Sea anemones
 Possess __stinging cells_
 __polyp___ dominant stage
 Live as _individual__ animal
 Corals
 Possess __stinging cells___
 __polyp___ dominant stage
 Live in __colonies____
 Secrete __calcium carbonate__ to
protect their soft bodies
o Ecology
 __mutualism_ relationships in which both
species benefit, in the water
 Human benefits
 Visiting
 Stony coral used in surgical procedures
 Implanted into bone grafts