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Transcript
Pericles •Pericles also stressed intellectual achievement •Anaxagoras - first to realize that the moon was lit by reflected sunlight •Herodotus - the world’s first historian Pericles •Aeschylus, Euripides, Sophocles - Three best Greek playwrights •“Our whole city is an education, for our citizens excel all men in versatility, resourcefulness, & brilliance.” - Pericles Pericles •Pericles’s partner, Aspasia, was a foreigner •Had divorced his wife •Aspasia was a hetaira - a companion (prostitute) •Considered scandalous •Pericles treated her as an equal - had her participate in political conversations Pericles •Pericles’s qualities that made him so great also became his downfall •Wanted to make Athens the undisputed leader of the Mediterranean Peloponnesian War •431 BCE: Peloponnesian War began •Pericles took the podium of the pnyx and proposed his most daring plan yet •War with their oldest enemy: •Sparta Peloponnesian War •The only other city-state that could rival Athens’s power •“It is from the greatest dangers that the greatest glory is to be won.” - Pericles •They accepted his plan •This was risky because while the Athens navy was far superior, Sparta could easily defeat them on land Peloponnesian War •He proposed that they all abandon Athens to go to the harbor at Piraeus •It was going to be an offensive attack from the sea based on guesswork & assumptions •Figured it would take up to 2 years •Spartans invaded territory surrounding Athens & burned farmland •Athenians watched from the city walls & could do nothing Peloponnesian War •Pericles remained confident •One year into the war, the grain boats that were supplying the Athenians-inexile also brought... •plague. •Pericles did not anticipate this •The overcrowded harbor town crumpled. •It spread like wildfire Peloponnesian War •“The body was suddenly seized, first with violent heats around the head & redness & inflammation of the eyes. And then the disease descended into the bowels producing violent ulceration & uncontrollable diarrhea. The sufferings of individuals seemed almost beyond the capacity of human nature.” Thucydides (Athenian historian) Peloponnesian War •1/3 of Athenians died •429 BCE: Pericles died of plague •Without a single strong statesman, many squabbled for the top spot •They simply followed the mood of the population with a horrifying potential - mob rule Peloponnesian War •About this time there was a naval victory against the Spartans. •Generals returned to Athens expecting a hero’s welcome. •They were thrown into prison instead. •A storm during the battle forced the ships to sail straight for Athens instead of searching for soldiers who had fallen overboard during the battle. Peloponnesian War •Protesters said the generals should be tried & executed •Socrates was the only one that tried to calm down the mob & said that an execution would be wrong •It didn’t work - 1 man was not enough •The generals were sentenced to death by drinking hemlock poison Peloponnesian War •The war against Sparta dragged on over a decade •Neither side was able to win •415 BCE: Sicily had asked Athens for protection from a Spartan ally, Syracuse •Could we help Sicily & conquer it at the same time? •They would need 10,000 men & a new fleet of ships Peloponnesian War •6 months into it they needed reinforcements •Then news stopped coming utter silence •413 BCE: Sparta signed an alliance with Persia •1 sailor arrived back in Athens •Just some random man who needed a haircut •Started telling his barber about the battle Peloponnesian War •The invading army was pinned down exactly where it landed •Leaders argued amongst themselves about strategy •Food & water ran out •Tried & failed to cross a river to escape, but most died (heavy armor) Peloponnesian War •This was the tale of one of the greatest defeats of ancient history •Over 50,000 died or imprisoned •2 fleets of Triremes were destroyed Peloponnesian War •The Athenians went in for all the wrong reasons completely selfish interest and they paid for it •Athens was now militarily powerless Peloponnesian War •Persians came back (50 years after their defeat) for revenge •They approached the Spartans for help •Sparta accepted •Persia paid for a new navy build-up •Sparta now blockaded Athenian harbors •Athenians began to starve to death Peloponnesian War •404 BCE: Athens surrendered to Spartan commander •Lysander •First thing they did was destroy the Athenian fleet •Only allowed 12 ships to remain •The Athenians searched for a scapegoat •They found Socrates Legacy •399 BCE: Socrates was convicted of “convicting the youth” & sentenced to death. •Had to drink hemlock poison •337 BCE: Formal end of Athenian democracy •Athens would never become a world power again •But it would never again fall into mob rule either Legacy •Became a haven for intellectual pursuits •Socrates’ students would continue his dreams & build their own schools •Plato: Tried to formulate an ideal society •Aristotle: Studied nature & developed the fields of biology & zoology