Download UNIT 6 CATHOLIC MONARCHS

SECCIÓN BILINGÜE
SOCIAL SCIENCES (HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY) 2º ESO
UNIT 6 – AUTHORITARIAN MONARCHY: THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS
1. EUROPE IN THE 15TH CENTURY
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Europe during the 15 century
SOURCE: http://mappery.com/maps/Europe-15th-Century-Colbeck-Map.mediumthumb.jpg
During the 15th century some events changed life as it was known in Europe and marked the
transition from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern Period.
First, population increased due to the improvement of the economic situation. Trade favoured
handmade production and the use of currency (coins). All these factors contributed to the
beginning of COMMERCIAL CAPITALISM.
Secondly, monarchs benefited from the economic rise of the bourgeoisie and they used their
support to become more powerful than the nobility. So, feudal monarchy developed into an
authoritarian monarchy with new government institutions that guaranteed their power.
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In the Iberian Peninsula, the Catholic Monarchs initiated the modern State in the Hispanic
kingdoms. They conquered the Nasrid kingdom of Granada and they unified part of the
territories under their crown. In addition, they ruled over the different social groups and
started developing an AUTHORITARIAN MONARCHY.
The 15th century marked the start of an Age of Discovery, a period of exploration, invention,
and scientific development. In the 15th century, Portugal and Spain, two of the greatest naval
powers of the time, took the lead in exploring the world. Christopher Columbus reached the
New World in 1492, and soon after the Spanish and Portuguese began establishing colonial
empires in the Americas. France, the Netherlands and England soon followed in building large
colonial empires with vast territories in Africa, the Americas, and Asia.
TREATY OF TORDESILLAS
Colonial demarcation lines between Castille/Spain and Portugal in the 15th and 16th Centuries
In 1500, the Portuguese navigator, Pedro Álvares Cabral explored the land that is today called Brazil. For
the two European monarchies, Portugal and Castile, a division of influence became necessary to avoid
conflict. This was resolved by Papal intervention in 1494 when the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the
world between the two powers.
FIND OUT: 1. Which Pope promoted the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494?
________________________________________________________
2. Why was it called “Treaty of Tordesillas”? Where is Tordesillas?
________________________________________________________
3. How was the world divided between Portugal and Spain?
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_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Did you know?
The Medici Bank was one of the most prosperous and most respected in Europe.
There are some estimates that the Medici family was the wealthiest family in Europe
for a period of time. From this base, they acquired political power initially in
Florence and later in wider Italy and Europe.
Medici family members placed allegorically in the entourage of a king from the
Three Wise Men in the Tuscan countryside in a Benozzo Gozzoli fresco, c. 1459.
SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici_family
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JACQUES COEUR´S BUSINESS
Jacques Cœur was a French merchant. He was one of the
founders of the trade between France and the Egypt. In
about 1429 he formed a commercial business transporting
wools and silks, mohair, brocades and carpets to the
interior of France. He began the gigantic operations which
have made him famous among financiers.
In 1445 his agents in the East negotiated a treaty between
the sultan of Egypt and the knights of Rhodes. In 1447, at
his insistence, Jean de Village, his nephew, was charged
with a mission to Egypt. His trading activities represented
a major commercial glory for France. He lent money to
members of the royal family, and to King Charles VII
himself. After his death Charles VII showed himself well disposed to the family, and
allowed Jacques Cœur's sons to inherit their father's wealth.
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS:
1. Where was Jacques Cœur from?
________________________________
2. What social group did he belong to? ________________________________
3. What kind of his business did he have? ______________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4.
Where did his trading take place? ___________________________________
5.
What kind of goods did he trade with? _______________________________
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS ABOUT SECTION 1(“EUROPE IN THE 15TH
CENTURY”):
1. Why did population increase in the 15th century?
2. Which social group increased its economic power after the 15th century and why?
3. What is COMMERCIAL CAPITALISM? Why did it take place?
4. What big changes did the monarchy experience at the beginning of the Modern Age?
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2. THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS
2.1. THE UNION OF CASTILE AND ARAGON
The Catholic Monarchs (los Reyes Católicos) is the collective title used in history for Queen
Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. The title of "Catholic King and Queen"
was given to them by Pope Alexander VI. They married in 1469, in the city of Valladolid.
Isabella was eighteen years old and Ferdinand a year younger. Their marriage united both
crowns under the same lineage. She became Queen of Castille in 1474. Her husband
Ferdinand became the King of Aragon in 1479 and their marriage united the two kingdoms.
They were strong leaders who worked to unify Spain. This was achieved after the conquest of
Granada in 1492. The birth of Isabella’s son in 1478 consolidated the political stability as it
meant a clear line of succession for the Spanish throne.
The union of Castile and Aragon was only a union of two dynasties and both kingdoms kept
their boundaries, their currencies, their tax system, laws and institutions. But they were united
under the same Crown, and they often joined their efforts in military tasks.
Ferdinand on the left with Isabella on the right.
The inscription above identifies them as "Lord
Ferdinand and Lady Isabella, Kings of Castille and
of Aragon
SOURCE:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Monarch
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SOURCE:
ttp://es.geocities.com/piuraylaconquista/historia_media.htm
2.2. TERRITORIAL EXPANSION
Ferdinand and Isabella were the monarchs of the newly-united Spain at the dawn of the
modern era. They had the goal of completing the Christian Reconquest of the Iberian
Peninsula and to conquer the Muslim kingdom of Granada. A series of campaigns known
as the War of Granada began with the attack of Alhama, a city in Andalusia. The attack was
led by two Andalusian nobles: Rodrigo Ponce de León and Diego de Merlo. The city fell to
Andalusian forces in 1492. After 10 years of many battles the war ended in 1492 when Emir
Boabdil surrendered the keys of the Alhambra Palace in Granada to the Castilian soldiers.
The Capitulation of Granada by F. Pradilla y Ortiz, 1882: Muhammad XII
confronts Ferdinand and Isabella.
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The Kingdom of Navarre was invaded by a Castilian army and finally in 1515 Navarre was
annexed to Castile, although it preserved its legal system and institutions.
The Catholic Monarchs successively married two of their daughters, Isabel and María, to the
Portuguese King. These weddings meant that a year later Portugal became part of the
Crown.
2.3. FOREIGN POLICY
The Catholic Monarchs authorized the expedition of Christopher Columbus, who was given
the name of “Admiral of the Ocean Sea” by the monarchs. Columbus' first expedition to the
supposed Indies landed in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492. He landed on the island of
Guanahani, and called it San Salvador. He continued onto Cuba, naming it Juana, and finished
his journey on the island of Santo Domingo, calling it La Española. His second trip began in
1493 in which he found more Caribbean islands including Puerto Rico. His main goal was to
colonize the existing discoveries with the 1,500 men that he had brought with him.
Columbus finished his last expedition in 1498 and discovered Trinidad and the coast of
present day Venezuela. The colonies Columbus established and conquests in the Americas in
the following decades gave Spain immense wealth, which made Spain the most powerful
European nation for the next two centuries.
1492, Columbus opens the
route to the New World for
Spain.
Beginning of the Modern Age.
SOURCE:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th
_century
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ACTIVITIES ABOUT SECTION 2 (“THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS”):
1. Write three important consequences of Isabel and Ferdinand´s marriage.
a. _____________________________________________________________
b. _____________________________________________________________
c. _____________________________________________________________
2. What do we mean by this: “the union of Castile and Aragon was only a union of two
dynasties”?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________
3. Christopher Columbus:
a. What were the territories “discovered” by Christopher Columbus in his first expedition?
_______________________________________________________________
b. What was his main goal in the second trip?
_______________________________________________________________
c. What were the consequences of such conquests in the Americas for Spain?
4. Explain how the Catholic Monarchs managed to join different penninsular kingdoms under
the same Crown.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
5. THE CAPITULATION OF GRANADA:
Look at the painting “The Capitulation of Granada” Imagine the conversation that Ferdinand
and Boabdil had when Boabdil surrended the keys of the Alhambra Palace to King Ferdinand
and write it here:
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3. AUTHORITARIAN MONARCHY
3.1. ROYAL POWER IS CONSOLIDATED
The Catholic Monarchs wanted to restore royal authority in Spain. To achieve their goal, they
first created a group named the Holy Brotherhood. These men were used as a judicial police
force for Spain. To replace the courts, the Catholic Monarchs created the Royal Council, and
appointed chief magistrates (judges) to run the towns and cities. This establishment of royal
authority is known as The Pacification of Castile, and can be seen as one of the crucial
steps toward the creation of one of Europe's first strong nation-states.
Ferdinand and Isabella looked for political stability in Spain by arranging strategic marriages
for each of their five children; political security was important for a country to be considered a
great power. Their firstborn, a daughter named Isabella, married Alfonso of Portugal, making
important links between these two countries. Juana, Isabella’s second daughter, married Philip
the Handsome, the son of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. This brought an alliance
with the Holy Roman Empire, a powerful territory which assured Spain’s future political
security – their grandson, Charles, would be Holy Roman emperor and also King of Spain.
Isabella’s first and only son, Juan, married Margaret of Austria, maintaining important links
with the great Habsburg dynasty. Her fourth child, Maria, married Manuel I of Portugal,
strengthening the link forged by her older sister’s marriage. Her fifth child, Catherine, married
Henry VIII, King of England, and was mother to Queen Mary I.
3.2. THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS FROM SPAIN
Ferdinand and Isabella had also overseen the expulsion of the Moors and the Jews from Spain.
Between 1480 and 1492 hundreds of conversos (Jews or Moors who had converted to
Catholicism) were arrested, imprisoned, interrogated or burned in both Castile and Aragon.
According to John Edwards, the author of Ferdinand and Isabella: Profiles in Power, the
Kings felt that it was "necessary to remove a genuinely mortal danger from Spanish society –
that the Jews masquerading as Catholic Christians are destroying the church within."
Ferdinand and Isabella took seriously the reports that some crypto-Jews were not only
privately practicing their former faith, but were secretly trying to draw other conversos back
into the Jewish religion. In 1480, the king and queen created the Spanish Inquisition to
investigate these suspicions; under the authority of this new institution, thousands of
converted Jews were killed within 12 years.
Ferdinand and Isabella ordered segregation of communities to create closed areas in the towns
which would eventually become "ghettos". This segregation, common at the time, also made
life difficult for the Jews and others by increasing taxes and social restrictions. Finally, in
1492, with the “Alhambra Decree” Jews in Spain were given four months by the monarchs to
either convert completely to Catholicism or leave Spain. Tens of thousands of Jews departed
from Spain to other lands such as Portugal, North Africa, Italy and the Ottoman Empire. Later
in 1492, Ferdinand had issued a letter addressed to the Jews who had left Castile and Aragon,
to invite them back to Spain if and only if they were Christians.
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Two priests ask a heretic to repent as he is tortured
The Spanish Inquisition
was
an
ecclesiastical
tribunal started in 1478 by
the Catholic Monarchs. It
was intended to maintain
Catholic orthodoxy in their
kingdoms, and to replace
the medieval inquisition
which was under papal
control. The new body was
under the direct control of
the Spanish monarchy. It
was
not
definitively
abolished
until
1834,
during the reign of Isabella
II.
SOURCE:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquistion
3.3. ECONOMIC SITUATION: CATTLE FARMING
During this period, the economy in Castile relied basically on cattle farming, mostly sheep
farming. Castilian wool continued to be exported to England and Flanders through the ports of
the northern coast of the peninsula (the coast of Cantabria). The big flocks of sheep required
vast areas of land for pastures, which meant that the land for agricultural production had to be
reduced. The Monarchs supported cattle farming and passed laws that protected the powerful
association of Castilian sheep farmers, the so-called Mesta. Consequently, agricultural
farming slowed down which seriously limited population growth.
On the other hand, the conquest of the New World brought big quantities of gold and silver,
giving a boost to the economic situation in Castile.
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THE ORDER OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE
Philip III, Duke of Burgundy, with the collar of the Order
The Order of the Golden Fleece was restricted to a limited number of knights, initially
24 but later increased to 50—plus the sovereign. It received further privileges unusual
to any order of knighthood and Charles V conferred on the order exclusive jurisdiction
over all crimes committed by the knights. The order was explicitly denied to "heretics",
and so became an exclusively Catholic award during the Reformation, though the
choice of the pagan Golden Fleece of Colchis as the symbol of a Christian order caused
some controversy.
The badge of the Order, in the form of a sheepskin, was suspended from a jewelled
collar in the shape of the letter B, for Burgundy, with the motto "Pretium Laborum Non
Vile" ("Not a bad reward for labour") engraved on the front of the central link, and
Philip's motto "Non Aliud" ("I will have no other") on the back (non-royal knights of
the Golden Fleece were forbidden to belong to any other order of knighthood).
SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_golden_fleece
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ACTIVITIES ON SECTION 3 (“AUTHORITARIAN MONARCHY”):
1.
Think about the name given by Pope Alexander VI to Ferdinand and Isabella,
“Catholic Kings”, in 1494. In 1492 a very important event had taken place in
Granada. Why do you think they received that name?
2.
Name some government institutions created by the Monarchs and what their
functions were:
3.
Imagine that you were one of the thousands of Jews forced to leave Spain. Where
would you go? Why were you forced to leave?
4.
What kind of people did the Spanish Inquisition arrest?
5.
What was the main economic activity in this period? Explain.
6.
Find out what important Spanish person belongs nowadays to the Order of the
Golden Fleece.
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ACTIVITIES:
Draw this diagram in your notebook and fill in KEY WORDS about the Authoritarian
Monarchy.
2. Kingdoms
3. Society
1. Monarchs?
AUTHORITARIAN
MONARCHY
4. Territorial
expansión
7. Mesta
6.Economy
5. Foreign policy
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AUTHORITARIAN MONARCHY QUIZ
1. One of the factors that contributed to the beginning of commercial capitalism was:
a. the end of the Nasrid Kingdom.
b. the use of currency.
c. the influence of the monarchs.
2. Two leading naval powers in the 15th century were:
a. The Netherlands and Spain.
b. France and Portugal.
c. Spain and Portugal.
3. The Medici Family was a family of:
a. traders
b. conquerors
c. bankers
4. When did Boabdil surrender the keys of the Alhambra Palace to the Castilian soldiers?
a. in 1490
b. 1492
c. Never
5. Navarra:
a. was finally annexed to Castille
b. was always independent.
c. always belonged to the kingdom of Castille.
6. Who ran the towns and cities?
a. The Royal Council
b. The Catholic Monarchs
c. The Holy Brotherhood.
7. Isabella´s 4th child, Maria, married:
a. Alfonso of Portugal
b. The king of England
c. Manuel I of Portugal.
8. Jews or Moors that converted to Catholicism were called:
a. Catholics
b. Conversos
c. suspicious
9. The Spanish Inquisition:
a. was created in Portugal
b. killed thousand of converted Jews.
c. did not exist in other countries.
10. One of the consequences of cattle farming was:
a. the rise of agricultural farming
b. that agricultural farming decreased
c. agricultural farming wasn´t affected.
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Now complete this SUMMARY of the CATHOLIC MONARCHS:
THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS
The Catholic Monarchs is the collective title used in history for .......................... of
Castile and .........................................of Aragon. Their marriage united both crowns under
the same lineage.
The Catholic Monarchs set out to restore ............................................. Spain. This
establishment of royal authority is known as ..................................................... This can be
seen as one of the crucial steps toward the creation of one of Europe's first strong nationstates.
The Kings had a goal of completing the Christian Reconquest of the Iberian
Peninsula and to conquer the Muslim kingdom of ........................... The beginnings of a
series of campaigns known as the Granada War began with the attack of Alhama, a city in
Andalusia. After ........................ of many battles the Granada War ended in
..................when
the
Emir
..........................surrendered
the
keys
of
the
..................................... in Granada to the Castilian soldiers. Ferdinand and Isabella had also
overseen the expulsion of the ...........................and the ................. from Spain.
They authorized the expedition of...........................which brought knowledge of the
New World to Europe. The colonies Columbus established and conquests in the Americas
in the decades to come would lead to an influx of wealth into Spain,
Isabella ensured long-term political stability in Spain by arranging
...................................................... for each of her five children; political security was
important for a country to be considered a great power.
Now write this summary in your notebook, but don’t look at the original.
USEFUL WEBSITES
http://www.activehistory.co.uk/top_activities/index.htm
History games – links
http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/subjects/middleages.htm
Social Studies for kids – useful links
http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/index.html
Woodlands Junior School – good history pages for primary kids
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