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Final Exam question sheet 1. Which lines are parallel? latitude 2. Which direction do longitude lines run? East and west of the Prime Meridian 3. The Prime Meridian represents 0 longitude and goes through Greenwich, England, the equator represents _0__ latitude, the IDL represents 180 . There are __24 time zones on earth. And how many degrees wide? 4. The science of mapmaking is __cartography__ 5. A Mercator projection map that has parallel lines of latitude and longitude. 6. A conic projection map projects points and lines from globe to a cone 7. A gnomonic map projects points and lines from globe to a piece of paper. Useful in long distances by sea. 8. A topographical map shows changes in the earth’s elevation separated by lines of equal elevation called contour lines. The difference in elevation between 2 side by side lines are called contour intervals. What do hachure marks on these lines represent ? depressions or craters 9. Astronomy is the study of objects beyond Earth? 10. Meteorology studies the air surrounding our planet? 11. Geology studies the materials that make up the Earth? 12. Oceanography studies the earth’s oceans? 13. What is the study of fossils_Paleontology_ 14. What is the rigid outer shell of the planet lithosphere consists of the crust and the uppermost mantle 15. The hydrosphere consists of all earth’s water which 97% is salt water. 16. The blanket of gases that surrounds our planet is __Atmosphere____ 17. The Biosphere includes all organisms on earth as well as the environment in which they live. 18. A _hypothesis_ is a question or suggested explanation for an observation 19. What is the first step in the scientific method_ask a question._ 20. The independent variable in an experiment is the factor that is manipulated by the experimenter and the dependent variable is a factor that can change if the independent variable is changed. A control is used to show the results were actually a result of the condition being tested. 21. SI unit for mass kg_, SI unit for temperature _K_, SI unit for weight Newton, SI unit for time seconds SI unit for solid volume _m(3), SI unit for liquid volume L, SI unit for area m(2) . The calculation for density is mass/volume. Label the parts of the earth’s interior. 22. What type of rocks are formed from magma? igneous 23. What are the three types of rocks sedimentary,metamorphic, igneous 24. Weathering is the process by which rocks break down and change. Erosion is the removal or transport of this material. 25. Mechanical is another name for physical weathering. 26. What are two significant agents of physical weathering? temperature, pressure 27. What are the two types of weathering? Mechanical and chemical 28. Frost wedging is what type of weathering? physical_ 29. There is greater potential for erosion on steep or shallow slopes? 30. When the outer rock layers are stripped away this is called exfoliation and it is physical weathering. 31. The reaction of water in chemical weathering is called hydrolysis and with oxygen is called oxidation 32. Rill erosion by running water in small channels, larger channels it is called _gully_erosion. 33. A delta forms from the built up of sediment at the mouth or a river or ocean in a triangular shape. 34. After the weathering process takes place what can occur? mass movement 35. Where is wind a major erosional agent? deserts 36. Sandbars that continue to build up can become barrier islands. 37. Four types of soils: _Polar_forms at high latitudes & high elevations where permafrost is under the soil Desert_receive low levels of rainfall which results in high levels of accumulated salts. Temperate_vary greatly and may contain large amounts of humus. Tropical - high temperatures & heavy rainfall which makes them weathered with few nutrients 38. A soil triangle is used to determine a soil’s texture. It compares percentages of what 3 soils clay,silt, & sand 39. The downslope movement of loose sediments and weathered rock resulting from the force of gravity is mass movement_ 40. A rapid downslope movement of materials on a thin block of loose soil which separates from the bedrock landslide 41. Landslides that occur in mountainous areas with thick accumulations of snow are called avalanche. 42. Preventative measures to minimize disasters is trenches built to divert water around a slope, not building on steep slopes, and building retaining walls to help from rock slides. 43. A large moving mass of ice is called a glacier 44. Earth’s water supply is recycled in a continuous process called water cycle or the hydrological cycle. 45. Water flowing downslope along Earth’s surface is called runoff 46. During periods of heavy precipitation both water velocity_ and _carrying capacity increase in a stream. 47. The process in which water enters the ground is called _infiltration_. 48. What is an area that is periodically saturated with water called? _wetland__ 49. All streams flow downslope in a watery path to lower elevations. A large stream is called a river & all of its tributaries make up a river system. All of the land area whose water drains into a stream system is called the systems watershed. A divide is a high land area that separates one watershed from another. 50. Stream’s carry their load three ways. 1. solution -dissolved in the stream’s water 2. suspension - all particles small enough to be held up by the turbulence of a stream’s moving water. 3. Bed load - consists of sand, pebbles, and cobbles that push along the bed of the stream. 51. The ability of a stream to transport material is referred to as it’s carrying capacity 52. A flood occurs when water spills over the sides of a stream’s banks. 53. As a stream erodes its path cuts through the sediment, a v shaped channel develops. When the stream starts to bend or wind it is a meander. A blocked off meander becomes a(n) oxbow lake which will eventually dry up. 54. What is water that has high concentrations of calcium, magnesium or iron called hard water 55. Fan shaped deposit of sediment at the base of mountains is called an alluvial fan 56. What is a lake and what happens when a lake undergoes eutrophication? lakes become rich in nutrients from the surrounding watershed 57. Where is the flow of water the fastest in a stream? Center of the stream 58. What is the percentage of the Earth’s water is saltwater 97% and what percentage is freshwater?_3% 59. What percentage of freshwater is in the glaciers? 90% 60. The percentage of pore space in a material is called porosity 61. The ability of a material to let water pass through it is called permeability 62. Be able to label zone of saturation, zone of aeration, and the water table. 63. Permeable underground layer through which groundwater flows relatively easily is called aquifer an impermeable layer is called aquiclude 64. What is the major source of freshwater for human use? groundwater 65. Caves are formed when groundwater dissolves limestone. Calcium carbonate deposits formed from the ceiling of caves stalactites. Calcium carbonate deposits that splash to the floor and build from the ground stalagmites 66. Irregular topography with sink-holes, sinks and sinking streams caused by groundwater dissolution of limestone is called Karst topography. 67. What is the natural discharge of groundwater at Earth’s surface where an aquifer and an aquiclude come in contact. spring What is heated water that is discharged from the ground hot spring 68. What is water under pressure in a confined aquifer?_artesian well 69. What are some groundwater pollution sources? Landfills, sanitation, fertilizer, salt, radon 70. Who came up with the theory of Continental Drift and was his theory widely accepted by scientists? Alfred Wegener 444 no 71. What did they use to conclude that the continents were once connected? fossil & rock type records 444-445 72. What do scientists use to scan the ocean floor? Sonar 448 73. The age of the oceanic crust increases with distance from the oceanic ridge? 450 74. What is a magnetic reversal? 451 What element detects this in rocks? Change in earth’s magnetic field._iron 75. Who came up with the theory of seafloor spreading? 453 Alfred Wegener 76. What are the three boundaries where plates come together? convergent, divergent, transform 455 77. Divergent boundaries are places where plates separate? Where do they occur most often? seafloor 456 78. When two continents come together this is called a convergent boundary and what are formed? mountains 457 79. What is a subduction zone? when one plate goes under the other plate 457 80. Transform boundaries are characterized by long faults . example of a transform boundary. San Andreas 459 81. What are the three types of magma and which is the most explosive? Basaltic, andesitic, rhyolitic 473 82. How does temperature effect magma? Higher temp, more volatile Does silica make magma more or less viscous? 475 83. In a volcano, lava erupts through an opening in the crust called a vent, the bowl shaped depression at the top is called a crater, larger depressions are called caldera 481 84. Name the three types of volcanoes. Cinder-cone, shield, composite 482 What is a pluton? Intrusive igneous rock body 476 85. Which volcanoes are the largest, which are the most volatile? Shield, composite 482 86. True or false, the distribution of volcanoes is random. 484 What is an example of a hot spot? Hawaiian islands 486 87. Name the three types of faults and what type of force causes them? Reverse-compression; Normal-tension; strike-slip-shear 497 88. What are the three types of seismic waves. P waves, s waves, surface waves. Which one can go through solids, liquids, and gases p waves and which one can go through only solids. S waves. Which one moves back and forth at right angles s-waves and which one pull rocks in the same direction? P waves 498 89. The point where an earthquake originates is the focus, directly above this on the earth’s surface is the epicenter 90. What does a seismometer record? Vibrations 500 91. Which waves arrive first at a seismic center? P waves. How many seismic centers does it take to find the epicenter of an earthquake? Three 92. What causes a tsunami? Earthquake in the ocean 513 93. What does the Richter scale measure? magnitude. What does the Mercalli scale measure? damage 94. What produces greater vibrations in an earthquake, a shallow focus or a deep focus? 507 95. The atmosphere is made up of 78 percent Nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen? 96. Why is ozone important? Protects us from ultraviolet radiation 273 97. What layer of the atmosphere protects us from meteors? mesosphere 98. Which layer of the atmosphere has commercial airplanes, weather, balloons, and closest to the Earth’s surface? Troposphere 274 99. Which layer has two parts, the ionosphere where the Northern lights are, and the exosphere. This is the hottest layer. Thermosphere 274 100. Layer where the ozone is and jets fly? Stratosphere 274 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. What percentage of incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the earth’s surface? 50% 275 What percentage is absorbed by the atmosphere itself? 15% 275 What percent is reflected back into space by Earth’s surface? 35% 275 What absorbs energy faster light or dark objects? 275 What are the three ways energy is transferred to the Earth? Radiation, convection, conduction 275 What is the process of the transfer of energy by the flow of a heated substance? Convection 277 What is the process of the transfer of energy where substances are in contact with each other? Conduction. 108. The height at which condensation occurs is the dew point 279 109. Warm or cold air rises? 110. What is a temperature inversion? Increase in temperature with height in an atmospheric layer 281 111. The amount of water vapor in the air is humidity 283 112. Cloud formation method where wind encounters a mountain. Orographic lifting 285 113. Clouds are determined by shape and altitude. 114. Alto are middle level clouds, strato are low level clouds, cirro are high level clouds. 287 115. Stringy or wispy clouds are called cirrus, layered clouds are called stratus, puffy clouds arecalled. cumulous_and nimbus are gray rain clouds. 287 116. Cumulonimbus clouds are clouds of vertical development 289 117. When cloud droplets collide, they join together to form a larger droplet in a process called coalescence 118. The constant movement of water between the atmosphere and Earth is the water cycle 290 119. The process of changing a liquid to a gas is evaporation, the process of changing a gas to a liquid is Condensation 290 120. What is the current state of the atmosphere? Weather 300 121. Long term variations in weather is called climate which is usually aged over the course of 30 years. 300 122. Air masses are classified by their source region 303 123. A continental tropical air mass is dry and warm 124. What is an air mass that acquires some of the characteristics of a new surface air mass modification 125. Coriolis effect causes air to be deflected to the _right in the northern hemisphere and to the left In the southern hemisphere. This is due to the rotation of the earth. 305 126. What are the 3 basic global wind systems and where are they located? Tradewinds- 0-30 N & S latitude 127. Prevailing westerlies 30-60 N&S latitude and polar easterlies- 60-and the poles 128. Narrow bands of fast, high altitude westerly winds are called jet streams 307 129. What are the four types of fronts ?, stationary, when two air masses meet and neither advances, cold when cold dense air displaces warm air and forces the warm air up. warm when advancing warm air displaces cold air, occluded when a cold air mass overtakes a warm front and wedges warm air upward. 309 130. High pressure systems have fair weather and low pressure systems have stormy, cloudy weather. 310 131. What does a ceilometer measure? Cloud cover What does a barometer measure? Air pressure What does a thermometer measure? temperature does a hygrometer measure? Relative humidity. What does an anemometer measure? wind speed. 312 132. What is a radiosonde? balloon borne package of sensors to gather upper level data 314 What does a Doppler effect measure? Speed of rain315 133. What are lines of equal value? Isopleths. What are they called when they connect temperature of equal value isotherms what about pressures of equal value? isobars?317 134. When isopleth lines are close together it is a large difference & if they are far apart it means a small difference. 135. What are more reliable short or long term forecasts? Short 321 136. What are the two types of forecasts? Digital is based on numerical data and analog is based on past weather conditions? 319 137. The oceans were created from a comet strike and volcanism 388 138. What are the five oceans and which one is the largest? Arctic, Antarctic, Pacific, Indian, Atlantic (Pacific) 139. Seawater is a solution of about 96.5 percent water and 3.5 percent dissolved salts? 392 140. Where is the thermocline layer in the ocean transitional layer under the warm sunlit layer 141. True or False : the temperature of the bottom layer of ocean water is near freezing even in tropical oceans.397 142. A wave is a rhythmic movement that carries energy through space. 399 143. The highest point of a wave is the crest the lowest point of a wave is the trough.399 144. Neap tides occur when the moon is at first and third quarter, spring tides occur when the moon is either new or full. 400