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Introductory Questions: Hinduism • Where did Hinduism originate? • Hinduism is considered a major world religion. Why do you think this is? • Is Hinduism polytheistic or monotheistic? Basics of Hinduism • • • • • Originated in India Dates to1500 BCE Third largest religion 80% of India Geographical term (Sindu River or Indus Valley) Aryans Indus Valley • 1500 BCE • 4000 – 2200 BCE • Poems and ritual • Built houses for texts called VEDAS worship Rig Veda – the oldest • Stone sculptures of the Sacred Texts and charms to • Agni - worshipped ward off evil forces of nature as gods • Fire altars & animal • Atman - human soul sacrifices • SAMSARA = endless cycle of reincarnation • KARMA = Basic belief of cause and effect (all • • actions have a consequence) DHARMA =personal conduct and righteous living MOKSHA= the liberation from samsara and the uniting of ATMAN (human soul) with BRAHMAN (ultimate soul) VEDAS • Composed in Sanskrit • literally means “knowledge“ • RIG VEDA • Upanishads – mystical texts on human existence EPICS • Ramayana – Hindu Epic of about 24000 verses including hero story of Rama • Mahabharata and Bhagavad Gita Legal Codes • Laws of Manu Brahman • The Supreme • • • God or “the Eternal” Soul of everything All gods are aspects “There is but one god, but he has many faces” Brahman -is the supreme being -entity without form or quality -soul of universe -divine, invisible, unlimited Preserver Destroyer Creator Brahma (Saraswati) Shiva (Parvati) Vishnu (Lakshmi) • Son of Shiva and Parvati • Human body and an • • elephant’s head with only one short tusk Worshipped as the remover of all obstacles Milk Miracle – Sept. 25, 1995 Vishnu has many AVATARS (incarnations)who appear on earth as humans or animals to conquer evil and establish righteousness 7th- Rama 8th- Krishna 9th- Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) Denominations of Hinduism • Saivism: worship the Supreme God as SHiva, the • • • Compassionate One. Shaktism: worship the Supreme as the Divine Mother, Shakti or Devi. Vaishnavism: worship the Supreme as Lord Vishnu and His incarnations, especially Krishna and Rama. Smartism: worship the Supreme in one of six forms: Ganesha, Siva, Sakti, Vishnu, Surya and Skanda. Goal: is to attain the universal soul or divine wisdom called Brahman freedom to individually worship and guide own spiritual experience. personal conduct and righteous living (dharma) Goal to achieve moksha, (liberation) from endless cycle of rebirths called Samsara and reunite atman with Brahman – ॐ । असतो मा सद्गमय । तमसो मा ज्योततगगमय । मत्ृ योमागमत ृ ं गमय ।। – OM Asato mā sadgamaya, tamaso mā jyotirgamaya, mrityormāmritam gamaya – "OM (Lead me) from falsehood to truth, from darkness to light, from death to immortality." • Aum (also Om, ॐ) is the most sacred syllable in Hinduism and Vedas • Used in meditation and prayer as sound gives supernatural power • Represents the original sound of creation • To chant “om” will steady and elevate the mind • Good luck symbol • • • representing “well being” Usually illustrated in red Used on wedding invitations, drawings Used in rituals to bring good luck and protect against evil • 4 Paths to Salvation • 4 Stages of Life • 4 Goals of Life • Caste System • Puja • Upanayana • Vegetarianism “holy cow” • Arranged Marriages • Diwali – Festival of Lights • Ahimsa – non-violence • Yoga – philosophy and exercise together – very spiritual • Best known Hindu in world • Fought to end discrimination • • • • • against Indians in South Africa Tolerant of all religions Religious ideals on duty, truth, non-violence (ahimsa) and spiritual liberation (moksha) Negotiated independence of India in 1947 Opposed social injustice of Hindu society (ie. untouchables) Assassinated in 1948