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Download Skeletal System - Mater Academy Lakes High School
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Skeletal System Mr. Vazquez Mater Lakes Academy 2011 – 2012 Biology 206 Total Bones Functions of the Skeletal System • Support and protection • Blood cell formation • Mineral Storage • Site for muscle attachmentbody movement Types Of Joints Pivot Hinge Top of the neck Elbow/Knee Ball & Socket Shoulder/Hip Gliding Intercarpal joints Cranium Mandible Clavicle Scapula Sternum Humerus Rib Vertebral Column Pelvis Sacrum Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Coccyx Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Types of Bones • Long Bone Head – Body - Head • Flat Bone Provides Protection • Short Bone As wide as they are long • Irregular Bone bones which do not fall into any other category Connective Tissues • Cartilage – • Allows joints to move easily, cushions bones, and supports soft tissue • Ligament – • Hold bones in place at the joints • Tendon – • Joins muscle to muscle or muscle to bone Skeletal System Information Appendicular System 126 bones Axial System 80 bones Bone enclosed in periosteum, which is continuous with tendons and ligaments blood vessels in periosteum Epiphysis- ends spongy bone contains red marrow compact bone, articular cartilage Diaphysis- middle compact bone medullary cavity- contains yellow marrow (fat) lined with endosteum (squamous epithelium) Compact bone osteocytes within lacunae are arranged in concentric circles called lamellae This surround a central canal; complex is called the Haversian system Canaliculi connect osteocytes to the central canal and to each other Axial skeleton skull (cranium and facial bones) hyoid bone (anchors tongue and muscles associated with swallowing) vertebral column (vertebrae and disks) thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) Appendicular skeleton pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae) upper limbs (arms) pelvic girdle (coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx) lower limbs (legs) 22 bones in skull 6 in middle ears 1 hyoid bone 26 in vertebral column 25 in thoracic cage 4 in pectoral girdle 60 in upper limbs 60 in lower limbs 2 in pelvic girdle 206 bones in all The skull 8 sutured bones in cranium Facial bones: 13 sutured bones, 1 mandible Cranium encases brain attachments for muscles and sinuses Vertebral column 7 cervial vertebrae 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 1 sacrum (5 fused 1 coccyx (4 fused) Vertebrae vary in size and morphology Thoracic cage ribs thoracic vertebrae sternum costal cartilages True ribs are directly attached to the sternum (first seven pairs) Three false ribs are joined to the 7th rib Two pairs of floating ribs Clavicles and scapulae Help brace shoulders Attachment sites for muscles Joints Bones of upper limb Humerus (upper arm) Radius; ulna Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges Bones of lower limb Femur Patella Tibia, fibula Tarsals, metatarslas, phalanges Immovable (synarthoses) bones sutured together by connective tissue: skull Slightly movable (amphiarthoses) connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage: vertebrae, rib/sternum joint, pubic ymphysis Freely movable (diarthroses)separated ligaments- hold bones together tendons- muscle to bone lined by synovial membrane Types of freely movable joints Saddle: carpal and metacarpal bones of thumb Ball and socket: shoulder and hip joints Pivot- rotation only: proximal end of radius and ulna Hinge- up and own movement in one plane: knee and elbow Gliding- sliding and twisting: wrist and ankle Condyloid- movement in different planes but not rotations: btw metacarpals and phalanges Types of movement and examples (with muscles) flexion- move lower leg toward upper extension- straightening the leg abduction- moving leg away from body adduction- movong leg toward the body rotation- around its axis supination- rotation of arm to palm-up position pronation- palm down circumduction- swinging arms in circles inversion- turning foot so sole is inward eversion- sole is out Elevation and depression- raising body part up or down Aging and bones both bone and cartilage tend to deteriorate cartilage: chondrocytes die, cartilage becomes calcified osteoporosis; bone is broken down faster than it can be built bones get weak and brittle; tend to fracture easily Growth hormone regulates skeletal growth stimulates cell division in epiphyseal disks in long bones Growth stops when epiphyseal disks are converted to bone When excess growth hormone is produced in childhoodgigantism In adulthood- acromegaly. Bones can’t grow but soft tissue can Open Fracture a fracture that protrudes to the exterior of the body. Closed Fracture A Fracture that does not break the skin Greenstick Fracture Only one side of the bone is broken, mostly seen in children Transverse Fracture Break at a right angle and caused by direct traumatic injury Spiral Fracture Bone broke because of a twisting type motion. Oblique Fracture Rarest form of fractures, the break is at an angle.
