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Buddhism… The “middle way of wisdom and compassion” A 2500 year old tradition that began in India and spread and diversified throughout the Far East A philosophy, religion, and spiritual practice followed by more than 300 million people Based on the teachings of the Buddha The “Three Jewels” of Buddhism Buddha – the teacher Dharma – the teachings Sangha – the community Realized that this world is full of suffering and was in search of lasting happiness. At the age of 29 he left the luxuries of the palace, retired to the forest and followed a life of meditation. Attained enlightenment under the Bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya, India. Spent rest of his life, teaching others to realize what he himself had discovered. Philosophy Buddhism inherits principles of dharma, karma, ahimsa, rebirth and nirvana (moksha) from Hinduism. Dukha-Satya - Truth of suffering. Life is suffering. Marga-Satya - Truth of path. The eight fold path. Nirodha-Satya - Truth of cessation. Suffering can be ended if its causes, desire and ignorance are removed. Samudaya-Satya - Truth of the cause. Suffering is caused by desire (Tanha) and ignorance (Avijja). The Eight-Fold Path Right Meditation Right Knowledge Right Speech Right Mindfulness Right Effort Right Resolve Right Conduct Right Livelihood How does Buddhism differ from Hinduism? Buddhism rejects… Authority of the ancient Vedic texts The Vedic caste system The Vedic and Hindu deities The efficacy of Vedic worship and ritual The concept of Brahman How does Buddhism differ from Jainism? Buddhism rejects… The concept of Atman The practice of strict asceticism and withdrawal from the world (preferring the “middle way”) Vegetarianism as required What do Buddhists believe? Rebirth (reincarnation) results from attachments (karma) Nirvana is a peaceful, detached state of mind Achieving Nirvana means escape from the cycle of rebirth Once Gautama Buddha died, after 80 years of life in this world, having achieved Nirvana and teaching multitudes his way of life, he ceased to exist as a distinct being Buddhism is non-theistic: Buddha is not the Buddhist God – he is just a revered teacher Dharma is understood as the practice (paripatti) of the truth. To take refuge in the Dharma is to take refuge in Buddha. Karma is intentional action, physical, verbal or mental. Good karma brings happiness, bad brings suffering. Avijja and Tanha is ignorance or not knowing the true nature of things and craving are the two root causes of Karma. Cycle of Rebirth – We are born and reborn in six realms of exhistence based on one’s previous Karma. Nirvana (Enlightenment) – To go beyond the cycle and achieving blissful state is Nirvana. Buddhist Metaphysics Dukkha: life in this world is filled with suffering Anicca: everything in this world is impermanent Anatta:the self/soul is also impermanent – there is no eternal, unchanging self (“no soul” – no atman) Suffering is a state of mind – achieve a balanced, peaceful, detached state of mind and suffering can be extinguished (Nirvana) Budhist Scriptures are called the Tripitaka or the “Three Baskets” •Suttapitaka – Budha’s sermons •Vinayapitaka – Monastic rules •Abhidhammapitaka – Early philosophical treatises Three Main Schools of Buddhism Theravada or Hinayana – Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma, Cambodia Mahayana – China, Japan, Vietnam, Korea Vajrayana – Tibet, Mongolia, Japan The Spread of Buddhism Within two centuries after the Buddha died, Buddhism began to spread north and east into Asia By 13th century Buddhism had disappeared from India Variety of practices aid in the journey to enlightenment. As Buddhism spread from India across many parts of Asia, it absorbed many local religious beliefs and traditions. Therefore practices differ widely in various parts of the world. Five Rules to abstain from: killing, stealing, sexual misconduct lying, taking intoxicants such as alcoholic drinks Meditation: Various types of meditation in various traditions Chanting: Hymns of homage to Buddha, refuge in Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha etc.