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IUCN 2008: T41291A10415170
Oryctolagus cuniculus, European Rabbit
Assessment by: Smith, A.T. & Boyer, A.F.
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Citation: Smith, A.T. & Boyer, A.F. 2008. Oryctolagus cuniculus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species 2008: e.T41291A10415170.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41291A10415170.en
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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Lagomorpha
Leporidae
Taxon Name: Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Regional Assessments:
• Europe
Common Name(s):
• English:
• French:
• Spanish:
European Rabbit
Lapin de garenne
Conejo
Taxonomic Notes:
Two recognized subspecies occur on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe. Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus
occupies the southwest peninsula (roughly Portugal and southern Spain). Some overlap of ranges exists
with O. c. algirus and O. c. cuniculus, which occupies all points north and west of O. c. algirus (Biju-Duval
et al. 1991). O. c. cuniculus is thought to be the descendant of early domestic rabbits released into the
wild (Gibb 1990), and is now the subspecies that has been introduced throughout Europe and
worldwide (Angulo 2004). O. c. algirus is also found in North Africa, Mediterranean and Atlantic islands
(Branco et al. 2000).
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria:
Near Threatened ver 3.1
Year Published:
2008
Date Assessed:
June 30, 2008
Justification:
Oryctolagus cuniculus is a widespread colonizer and is considered a pest outside its natural range, where
eradication of the rabbit is priority for conservation (Thompson and King 1994). However, only the
natural range of Spain, Portugal, and northwestern Africa (Morocco and Algeria) are considered in this
global assessment.
O. cuniculus populations within the natural range have declined an estimated 95% since 1950, and 80%
in Spain since 1975 (Delibes et al. 2000), due to disease, habitat loss, and human induced mortality
(Ward 2005). These numbers are based on estimates from a protected area in Spain, Donana National
Park, and the relative decline elsewhere in the range (Delibes et al. 2000). O. cuniculus nearly meets the
Red List Criteria for Vulnerable under A2acde. There is no evidence that the decline has escalated in
recent years, though threats remain and the decline is continuing.
Previously Published Red List Assessments
1996 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Oryctolagus cuniculus – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41291A10415170.en
1
Geographic Range
Range Description:
Original distribution after last ice age included Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) to western France
and northern Africa, and the introduction throughout western Europe is thought to have occurred as
early as the Roman period (Gibb 1990, Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999).
Currently ranges through all Western European countries, Ireland and the UK (including islands), Austria,
parts of Sweden, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Ukraine, and Mediterranean islands
Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Crete, the Balearics (Thompson and King 1994), Croatia, and Slovakia (MitchellJones et al. 1999). Introduced to Australia, in 1788 and again in 1859, where it is now widespread
(Thompson and King 1994). Introduced to South America unsuccessfully several times since the midnineteenth century, successfully in about 1936 where it maintains limited range in Argentina and Chile
(Thompson and King 1994). Found in many islands in the Pacific, off the African coast, New Zealand,
and the Caribbean (Thompson and King 1994).
O. cuniculus is usually found below 1,500 m in elevation (Fa et al. 1999).
Country Occurrence:
Native: Algeria; France; Gibraltar; Morocco; Portugal; Spain
Introduced: Albania; Argentina; Australia (Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern
Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia); Austria; Belgium;
Bulgaria; Chile; Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Falkland Islands (Malvinas); Germany; Greece;
Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Luxembourg; Namibia; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Poland; Romania;
Russian Federation; Slovakia; Slovenia; South Africa; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom (Great
Britain, Northern Ireland); United States
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Oryctolagus cuniculus – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41291A10415170.en
2
Distribution Map
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Oryctolagus cuniculus – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41291A10415170.en
3
Population
Oryctolagus cuniculus decline has escalated in recent years. In Spain the rabbit has declined to 20% of
the population size from 1975 (Virgos et al. 2005). As of 2005, rabbit populations in the Iberian
peninsula have declined to as little as 5% of the number from 1950, based on the decrease in Donana
National Park, a protected area (Delibes et al. 2000). Density of rabbits has been recorded at a
maximum of 40 per hectare in prime habitat, though the abundance has declined significantly since the
arrival of new threats in the mid 20th century (Angulo 2004).
In Portugal, a population reduction of 24% was recorded between 1995 and 2002 (Alves and Ferreira
2002).
Decline has been uneven across the range, due to varying degrees of threat (Ward 2005).
Current Population Trend: Decreasing
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)
Oryctolagus cuniculus prefers a mixed habitat of Mediterranean oak savanna or scrub-forest, or areas
with around 40% cover for shelter from predators and open areas that support their diet of grasses and
cereals (Thompson and King 1994; Ward 2005). O. cuniculus builds warrens in soft soil, but find shelter
in scrub in rocky areas, though predation risk is higher in above ground dwellings. The natural range of
the Iberian peninsula and northern Africa is warm and dry (Angulo 2003), rarely occurring above 1,500
m (Fa et al. 1999). The rabbits are territorial and tend to live and forage in colony groups of up to 20
adults (Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999), and are crepuscular (Ward 2005).
O. cuniculus can breed throughout the year (uncommon in lagomorphs), though this is limited by
climate and resource availability (Bell and Webb 1991). They raise altricial young between three and six
at a time, which leave the warren in under a month (Gibb 1990). Females reach sexual maturity on
average in 3.5 months, males 4 months, and can live up to 9 years (Macdonald and Barrett 1993),
though many succumb to predation and other perils much earlier. Up to 75% of young rabbits are killed
by predators before they establish a territory (Chapman and Flux 1990, Angulo 2004). Annual mortality
was 30% in a studied island population (Macdonald and Barrett 1993). The head-body length of O.
cuniculus is 34-50 mm (Macdonald and Barrett 1993).
O. cuniculus is a keystone species, composing the diet of over forty species, several of which specialize in
O. cuniculus (Delibes and Hiraldo 1981). The diet of the Iberian lynx consists of 80-100% rabbits (Delibes
et al. 2000), the Imperial eagle consumes 40-80% of its diet in rabbits, and the decline of O. cuniculus
has been linked to the near extinction of these two predators (Zofio and Vega 2000).
O. cuniculus is responsible for landscape modelling that supports vegetation growth typical to Spain and
Portugal and creates habitat for invertebrate species (Virgos et al. 2005), increases species richness, and
increase soil fertility (Willott et al. 2000).
Systems: Terrestrial
Threats (see Appendix for additional information)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Oryctolagus cuniculus – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41291A10415170.en
4
The greatest force behind the decline of Oryctolagus cuniculus has been two diseases that appeared in
the 20th century. Myxomatosis is a South American virus, primarily spread by insect (mosquito and flea)
vectors, that was intentionally introduced by a farmer in the mid 1950s in France to control the rabbit
population (Angulo and Cooke 2002). An estimated 90% of European rabbits have perished due to
myxomatosis since the 1950s (Virgos et al. 2005). After symptom onset, death results in an average of
13 days (Ward 2005). Rabbits with the virus are made more vulnerable to predators (Villafuerte et al.
1995). Juveniles are more susceptible to myxomatosis than adults. Myxomatosis cases peak during early
summer to fall (Angulo 2004).
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHD) is a virus that appeared in Europe in the late 1980’s, initially causing
the death of 55-75% of rabbits in the Iberian peninsula (Villafuerte et al. 1995). RHD is primarily spread
by direct contact. Death typically results within 24 hours of symptom onset, with a short incubation
time of under 48 hours (Villafuerte et al. 1995). Adult rabbits are more susceptible to RHD than
juveniles (unlike myxomatosis), and RHD is more prevalent in late winter and spring (Angulo 2004).
Global warming may increase disease incidence by creating a warmer, drier climate in Spain and
Portugal (Ward 2005).
Habitat loss and fragmentation are continuing causes of decline for O. cuniculus, which requires scrubforest vegetation for food and shelter (Ward 2005). Modern intensive agriculture negatively impacts
rabbits more than small scale mixed farming, which may have initially increased suitable habitat within
the rabbit’s natural range (Delibes et al. 2000). High intensity livestock production contributes to
habitat degradation and resource competition. Fallow farm land often returns to closed forest rather
than scrub, which is not a suitable habitat (Ward 2005). Tree plantations planted in Spain and Portugal
have replaced habitat for both rabbits and their predators and urbanization presents a threat as does
increased fire danger in existing habitat, and climate change (Ward 2005).
Exploitation of O. cuniculus by humans has recently become a threat, especially as the populations are
already declining due to other causes, so rabbits cannot sustain hunting and control measures as well as
in the past. Farmers control rabbit populations directly by poisoning, trapping, and destroying warrens.
They indirectly cause decline through habitat conversion and excessive pesticide and fertilizer use.
Hunting presents a threat to rabbit populations, compounded by their existing decline from disease,
possibly eliminating many rabbits that have acquired resistance to the diseases (Delibes et al. 2000).
70% of Spain is designated as hunting area. Hunter registration doubled between 1960 and 2005
(Angulo 2003), though the overall catch is declining, probably due to shrinking rabbit abundance (Ward
2005).
Future threats to the European rabbit may include a genetically modified version of the myxomatosis
virus being developed in Australia to suppress rabbit fertility where the European rabbit has been
introduced (ABC 2003). Unlicensed release of the modified virus to the native range could devastate the
remaining populations (Ward 2005).
Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)
Conservation for Oryctolagus cuniculus was delayed for several decades after their decline became
apparent. Efforts began to take shape in the late 1980's due to previous political isolation of its native
range and the lack of information on the species as a keystone to Iberian ecosystems. The issue of
eradication of O. cuniculus from introduced areas (e.g. Australia, New Zealand, and many islands) may
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Oryctolagus cuniculus – published in 2008.
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5
have diminished the appearance of rabbit decline in its native range. Increased interest in the specialist
predators that depend upon the rabbits and the issue of the sustainability of hunting populations have
brought O. cuniculus into the public eye, but fail to address some issues of rabbit conservation, such as
its role as an ecosystem modeler and the effects of agriculture on populations (Gibb 1990, Ward 2005).
Oryctolagus cuniculus occurs in some protected areas within its natural range, including Donana
National Park in Spain (Ward 2005) and Serra da Malcata Nature reserve in Portugal (700 km²) where
the Iberian lynx is protected.
Dan Ward's 2005 report outlines specific goals needed to achieve rabbit recovery:
- Establish rabbit monitoring programs to accurately describe decline directly.
- Create and implement a management plan for rabbit recovery that prioritizes critical ranges and
populations. Some plans have begun for local regions, including Donana National park.
- Programs to limit the incidence and impact of new and existing diseases may be difficult in the wild,
though some success has been observed in captive populations. Current vaccines do not confer total
immunity to RHD or myxomatosis, have side effects such as increasing vulnerability to predators, and
have short-lived effectiveness. A genetically modified live myxomatosis virus vaccine, LapinVac, is
controversial because of the possibility of unpredictable evolution of the virus, and its potential spread
to rabbit populations outside the natural O. cuniculus range where eradication, not conservation, is the
objective. Increasing habitat quality may indirectly help rabbit disease resistance. Controlling disease
vectors for myxomatosis has not been found to be effective. Preventing the spread of modified
immunocontraceptive viruses engineered in Australia to control rabbit fertility may become an issue.
- Reducing hunting impact is not guaranteed to reduce decline because disease effects often outweigh
hunting as a threat, and because implementation of restrictions would likely not be realistic given the
prevalence of hunting in Iberia. Revisions to existing hunting seasons have been proposed and some
tested, but even moving the season to summer when rabbits are most abundant has caused concern in
trials because the overall catch increases and the season coincides with a peak in death from disease. A
growing recognition among hunters of the issue of rabbit decline has led to some self-restraint, and
though often well intentioned, uninformed management strategies are leading to inappropriate actions.
Rather than focusing on hunting restraint, many hunters exert efforts to reduce rabbit predators, which
are not directly responsible for decline. As a very large demographic, hunters could represent a
powerful force in maintaining sustainable hunting populations, if the awareness of the issue of decline
increased within this group.
- Rabbit populations affected by agriculture represent a sensitive issue, as rabbits are typically seen as a
pest and an economic liability for farmers. Despite pressures from environmental groups, many farmers
continue to take measures to eradicate rabbits from their land, even in areas where rabbit populations
have declined dramatically. Awareness among farmers of rabbit conservation issues is low.
Government policy allows farmers to control rabbits with permits, and though crop loss due to rabbit
damage is economically subsidized, no requirement of those compensated is made for conservation.
- Halting and reversing habitat loss and fragmentation was aided in the 1990s by the establishment of
many national parks in Spain, but much optimal rabbit habitat is on private land. A shift from highintensity farming and monoculture forestry back to mixed agro-forestry and small scale farming would
help sustain rabbit populations. Natura 2000 promotion of sustainable development and EU subsidies
supporting environmentally friendly agriculture are promising but underfunded and too new to
demonstrate a significant impact. Eucalyptus plantation removal has demonstrated a positive effect on
rabbit populations, but may compromise other environmental issues such as erosion and conditioned
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Oryctolagus cuniculus – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41291A10415170.en
6
bird habitat, as well as economic impact.
- Reintroductions have been a key focus of conservation efforts, with up to 500,000 released annually in
Spain and France. The efforts so far have not increased rabbit populations, due to increased mortality
from predation and inadvertent spread of disease, which may actually have a net negative impact. The
flaws in reintroduction practices do not completely negate the importance of the efforts, which have
been shown to help sustain predators and hunting populations. The success of reintroductions may be
increased by fencing from predators and competitors and preventing dispersal.
- Though rabbit predators have not directly caused rabbit decline, factors that have caused initial decline
(e.g. disease, habitat loss) are exacerbated by some opportunistic predators (while not caused by
specialist predators like the Iberian lynx and Imperial eagle). Game keeping efforts to increase rabbit
populations often focus on predator reduction, sometimes counter productively, causing decline of top
predators that are already threatened. Efforts could be more productively focused on habitat
protection, reduction of rabbit mortality by humans (hunting and poisoning), and reducing disease
impacts.
The importance of O. cuniculus within its natural range requires that it be considered for listing in spite
of its global abundance. It is a keystone to the Iberian ecosystem, as prey for specialist predators (Virgos
et al. 2005) and as a landscape modeler (Delibes et al. 2000, Ward 2005). It is an important game
species in Spain and Portugal (Ward 2005).
Credits
Assessor(s):
Smith, A.T. & Boyer, A.F.
Reviewer(s):
Ward, D. & Johnston, C.H. (Lagomorph Red List Authority)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Oryctolagus cuniculus – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41291A10415170.en
7
Bibliography
Alves, P. C. and Ferreira, C. 2002. Determinação da abundância relativa das populações de coelho-bravo
(Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus) em Portugal Continental. Universidade de Porto, ICETA.
American Broadcasting Company. 2003. GM Virus.
Angulo, E. 2003. Factores que Afectan a la Distribucion y Abundancia del Conejo en Andalucia.
Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Angulo, E. 2004. El conejo. In: C. M. Herrera (ed.), El Monte mediterraneo en Andalucia, pp. 122-125.
Conserjeria de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Andalucia, Sevilla, Sevilla, Andalucia, Spain.
Angulo, E. and Cooke, B. 2002. First synthesize new viruses then regulate their release? The case of the
wild rabbit. Molecular Ecology 11: 2703-2709.
Bell, D. J. and Webb, N. J. 1991. Effects of climate of reproduction in the European wild rabbit. Journal of
Zoology (London) 224: 639-648.
Biju-Duval, C., Ennafaa, H., Dennebouy, N., Monnerot, M., Mignotte, F., Soriguer, R. C. and El Gaaied, A.
1991. Mitochondrial DNA evolution in Lagomorphs: origin of systematic heteroplasmy and organization
of diversity in European rabbits. Journal of Molecular Evolution 33: 92-102.
Branco, M., Ferrand, N. and Monnerot, M. 2000. Phylogeography of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus
cuniculus) in the Iberian peninsula inferred from RFLP analysis of the cytochrome b gene. Heredity 85:
307-317.
Chapman, J. A. and Flux, J. C. 1990. Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas. Status Survey and Conservation Action
Plan. Oxford, UK.
Delibes, M. and Hiraldo, F. 1981. The rabbit as prey in the Iberian Mediterranean ecosystem. In: C. D.
MacInnes and K. Myers (eds), Proceedings of the World Lagomorph Conference. Guelph, Canada.
Delibes, M., Rodrigues, A. and Ferreras, P. 2000. Action Plan for the Conservation of the Iberian Lynx
(Lynx pardinus) in Europe. Convention on the conservation of European wildlife and natural habitats: 140. Oslo, Norway.
Fa, J. E., Sharples, C. E. and Bell, D. J. 1999. Habitat correlates of European rabbit distribution in southern
Spain. Journal of Zoology (London) 249: 83-96.
Gibb, J. A. 1990. The European Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus. In: J. A. Chapman and J. E. C. Flux (eds),
Rabbits, hares and pikas: Status survey and conservation action plan, pp. 116-120. IUCN, Oxford, UK.
IUCN. 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org.
(Accessed: 5 October 2008).
Macdonald, D. and Barrett, P. 1993. Collins Field Guide: Mammals of Britain and Europe. HarperCollins
Publishers, London, UK.
Mitchell-Jones, A. J., Amori, G., Bogdanowicz, W., Kryštufek, B., Reijnders, P. J. H., Spitzenberger, F.,
Stubbe, M., Thissen, J. B. M., Vohralik, V. and Zima, J. 1999. The Atlas of European Mammals. Academic
Press, London, UK.
Thompson, H. V. and King, C. M. 1994. The European Rabbit: The History and Biology of a Successful
Colonizer. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, New York, USA and Tokyo, Japan.
Villafuerte, R., Calvete, C., Blanco, J. C. and Lucientes, J. 1995. Incidence of viral haemorrhagic disease in
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wild rabbit populations in Spain. Mammalia 59(4): 651-659 pp.
Virgos, E., Cabezas-Diaz, S. and Lozano, J. 2005. El declive del conejo en Espana: evidencias a partir de
las estadisticas de caza. Quercus 236: 16-20 pp.
Ward, D. 2005. Reversing Rabbit Decline: One of the Biggest Challenges for nature conservation in Spain
and Portugal.
Willott, S. J., Miller, A. J., Incoll, L. D. and Compton, S. G. 2000. The contribution of rabbits (Oryctolagus
cuniculus L.) to soil fertility in semi-arid Spain. The Biology and Fertility of Soils 31: 379-384.
Zofio, J. B. and Vega, I. 2000. El Aguila Imperial. Gran Fauna 4.
Citation
Smith, A.T. & Boyer, A.F. 2008. Oryctolagus cuniculus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008:
e.T41291A10415170. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41291A10415170.en
Disclaimer
To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.
External Resources
For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.
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9
Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Habitat
Season
Suitability
Major
Importance?
1. Forest -> 1.4. Forest - Temperate
-
Marginal
-
1. Forest -> 1.5. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
-
Suitable
-
2. Savanna -> 2.1. Savanna - Dry
-
Suitable
-
3. Shrubland -> 3.4. Shrubland - Temperate
-
Marginal
-
3. Shrubland -> 3.5. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
-
Marginal
-
3. Shrubland -> 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation
-
Suitable
-
4. Grassland -> 4.4. Grassland - Temperate
-
Marginal
-
4. Grassland -> 4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
-
Marginal
-
14. Artificial/Terrestrial -> 14.1. Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land
-
Marginal
-
14. Artificial/Terrestrial -> 14.2. Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland
-
Marginal
-
Use and Trade
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
End Use
Local
National
International
Food - human
Yes
No
No
Sport hunting/specimen collecting
Yes
No
No
Threats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Threat
Timing
Scope
Severity
Impact Score
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &
perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.1. Shifting
agriculture
Ongoing
-
-
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &
perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.3. Agro-industry
farming
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Oryctolagus cuniculus – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41291A10415170.en
-
-
10
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.2. Wood & pulp
plantations -> 2.2.2. Agro-industry plantations
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming
& ranching -> 2.3.1. Nomadic grazing
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming
& ranching -> 2.3.3. Agro-industry grazing, ranching
or farming
5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping
terrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species is
the target)
5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping
terrestrial animals -> 5.1.3. Persecution/control
7. Natural system modifications -> 7.1. Fire & fire
suppression -> 7.1.3. Trend Unknown/Unrecorded
8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes ->
8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.1.
Unspecified species
9. Pollution -> 9.3. Agricultural & forestry effluents ->
9.3.4. Type Unknown/Unrecorded
11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.1. Habitat
shifting & alteration
Ongoing
-
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Conservation Actions in Place
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management
Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range
In-Place Species Management
Harvest management plan: Yes
Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: Yes
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Oryctolagus cuniculus – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41291A10415170.en
11
Conservation Actions in Place
Subject to ex-situ conservation: Yes
Conservation Actions Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions Needed
1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protection
1. Land/water protection -> 1.2. Resource & habitat protection
2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management
2. Land/water management -> 2.3. Habitat & natural process restoration
3. Species management -> 3.1. Species management -> 3.1.1. Harvest management
3. Species management -> 3.2. Species recovery
3. Species management -> 3.3. Species re-introduction -> 3.3.1. Reintroduction
4. Education & awareness -> 4.3. Awareness & communications
5. Law & policy -> 5.1. Legislation -> 5.1.1. International level
5. Law & policy -> 5.1. Legislation -> 5.1.2. National level
5. Law & policy -> 5.1. Legislation -> 5.1.3. Sub-national level
5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.1. International level
5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.2. National level
5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.3. Sub-national level
Research Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends
1. Research -> 1.5. Threats
1. Research -> 1.6. Actions
2. Conservation Planning -> 2.1. Species Action/Recovery Plan
3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends
Additional Data Fields
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Oryctolagus cuniculus – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41291A10415170.en
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Distribution
Upper elevation limit (m): 1500
Population
Population severely fragmented: No
Habitats and Ecology
Congregatory: Congregatory (and dispersive)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Oryctolagus cuniculus – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41291A10415170.en
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The IUCN Red List Partnership
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN
Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation
International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas
A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London.
THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™