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Lab Review
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BIG IDEA 1: EVOLUTION
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Lab 1: Artificial Selection
 Concepts:
Natural selection = differential reproduction
in a population
 Populations change over time  evolution
 Natural Selection vs. Artificial Selection

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Lab 1: Artificial Selection
 Description:
Use Wisconsin Fast Plants to perform
artificial selection
 Identify traits and variations in traits
 Cross-pollinate (top 10%) for selected trait
 Collect data for 2 generations (P and F1)

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Sample Histogram of a Population
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Lab 1: Artificial Selection
Analysis & Results:
 Calculate mean, median, standard deviation,
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range
Are the 2 populations before and after selection
(P and F1) actually different?
Are the 2 sub-populations of F1 (hairy vs. nonhairy) different?
Are the means statistically different?
A T-test could be used to determine if 2 sets of
data are statistically different from each other
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Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling:
Hardy-Weinberg
 Concepts:
Evolution = change in frequency of alleles
in a population from generation to
generation
 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

 Allele Frequencies (p + q = 1)
 Genotypic Frequencies (p2+2pq+q2 = 1)
 Conditions:
1.
2.
3.
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5.
large population
random mating
no mutations
no natural selection
no migration
Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling:
Hardy-Weinberg
 Description:
Generate mathematical models and
computer simulations to see how a
hypothetical gene pool changes from one
generation to the next
 Use Microsoft Excel spreadsheet

 p = frequency of A allele
 q = frequency of B allele
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Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling:
Hardy-Weinberg
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Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling:
Hardy-Weinberg
 Setting up Excel spreadsheet
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Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling:
Hardy-Weinberg
 Sample Results
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Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling:
Hardy-Weinberg
Analysis & Results:
 Null model: in the absence of random events
that affect populations, allele frequencies
(p,q) should be the same from generation to
generation (H-W equilibrium)
 Analyze genetic drift and the effect of
selection on a given population
 Manipulate parameters in model:
 Population size, selection (fitness),
mutation, migration, genetic drift
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Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling:
Hardy-Weinberg
 Real-life applications:
Cystic fibrosis, polydactyly
 Heterozygote advantage (Sickle-Cell
Anemia)

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Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using
BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships
 Concepts:
Bioinformatics: combines statistics, math
modeling, computer science to analyze
biological data
 Genomes can be compared to detect genetic
similarities and differences
 BLAST = Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
 Input gene sequence of interest
 Search genomic libraries for identical or
similar sequences

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Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using
BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships
 Description:
Use BLAST to compare several genes
 Use information to construct a cladogram
(phylogenetic tree)
 Cladogram = visualization of evolutionary
relatedness of species

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Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using
BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships
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Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using
BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships
 Use this data to construct a cladogram
of the major plant groups
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Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using
BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships
 Fossil specimen in China
 DNA was extracted from preserved tissue
 Sequences from 4 genes were analyzed using BLAST
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Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using
BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships
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Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using
BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships
 Analysis & Results:
BLAST results: the higher the score, the
closer the alignment
 The more similar the genes, the more
recent their common ancestor  located
closer on the cladogram

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Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using
BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships
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BIG IDEA 2: CELLULAR
PROCESSES: ENERGY AND
COMMUNICATION
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Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis
 Concepts:
Selectively permeable membrane
 Diffusion (high  low concentration)
 Osmosis (aquaporins)
 Water potential ()

  = pressure potential (P) + solute potential (S)
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Solutions:
 Hypertonic
 hypotonic
 isotonic
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Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis
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Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis
 Description:
Surface area and cell size vs. rate of
diffusion
 Cell modeling: dialysis tubing + various
solutions (distilled water, sucrose, salt,
glucose, protein)
 Identify concentrations of sucrose solution
and solute concentration of potato cores
 Observe osmosis in onion cells (effect of
salt water)
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Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis
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Potato Cores in Different Concentrations of
Sucrose
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Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis
 Conclusions
Water moves from high water potential ( )
(hypotonic=low solute) to low water potential
() (hypertonic=high solute)
 Solute concentration & size of molecule
affect movement across selectively
permeable membrane

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Lab 5: Photosynthesis
 Concepts:
Photosynthesis
 6H2O + 6CO2 + Light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
 Ways to measure the rate of photosynthesis:
 Production of oxygen (O2)
 Consumption of carbon dioxide (CO2)

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Lab 5: Photosynthesis
 Description:
Paper chromatography to identify pigments
 Floating disk technique
 Leaf disks float in water
 Gases can be drawn from out from leaf using
syringe  leaf sinks
 Photosynthesis  O2 produced  bubbles form
on leaf  leaf disk rises
 Measure rate of photosynthesis by O2 production
 Factors tested: types of plants, light intensity, colors
of leaves, pH of solutions

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Plant Pigments & Chromatography
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Floating Disk Technique
Lab 5: Photosynthesis
 Concepts:
photosynthesis
 Photosystems II, I
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 H2O split, ATP, NADPH

chlorophylls & other
plant pigments
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chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b
xanthophylls
carotenoids
experimental design
 control vs. experimental
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Lab 6: Cellular Respiration
 Concepts:
Respiration
 Measure rate of respiration by:
 O2 consumption
 CO2 production

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Lab 6: Cellular Respiration
 Description:
Use respirometer
 Measure rate of respiration (O2 consumption)
in various seeds
 Factors tested:
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 Non-germinating seeds
 Germinating seeds
 Effect of temperature
 Surface area of seeds
 Types of seeds
 Plants vs. animals
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Lab 6: Cellular Respiration
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Lab 6: Cellular Respiration
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Lab 6: Cellular Respiration
 Conclusions:
temp = respiration
 germination = respiration
 Animal respiration > plant respiration
  surface area =  respiration

Calculate Rate
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Lab 6: Cellular Respiration
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BIG IDEA 3: GENETICS AND
INFORMATION TRANSFER
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Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis
 Concepts:
Cell Cycle (G1  S  G2  M)
 Control of cell cycle (checkpoints)

 Cyclins & cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
 Crossing over  genetic diversity

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Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis
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Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis
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Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis
 Description:
Model mitosis & meiosis (pipecleaners, beads)
 How environment affects mitosis of plant roots

 Lectin - proteins secreted by fungus
 Root stimulating powder
 Count # cells in interphase, mitosis
Observe karyotypes (cancer, mutations)
 Meiosis & crossing over in Sordaria (fungus)
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Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis
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Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis
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Abnormal karyotype = Cancer
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Meiosis: Crossing over in Prophase I
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Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis
 Observed crossing over in fungus (Sordaria)
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Arrangement of ascospores
Sordaria Analysis
total crossover
% crossover =
total offspring
distance from
=
centromere
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% crossover
2
Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation
Concepts:
 Transformation: uptake of foreign DNA from
surroundings
 Plasmid = small ring of DNA with a few genes
 Replicates separately from bacteria DNA
 Can carry genes for antibiotic resistance
 Genetic engineering: recombinant DNA = pGLO
plasmid
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Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation
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Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation
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Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation
 Conclusions:
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Foreign DNA inserted using vector (plasmid)
Ampicillin = Selecting agent
 No transformation = no growth on amp+ plate
Regulate genes by transcription factors (araC protein)
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Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA
 Concepts:
Restriction Enzymes
 Cut DNA at specific locations
 Gel Electrophoresis
 DNA is negatively charged
 Smaller fragments travel faster

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Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA
 Description
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Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA
 Determine DNA fragment sizes
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Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA
 Conclusions:
Restriction enzymes cut at specific
locations (restriction sites)
 DNA is negatively charged
 Smaller DNA fragments travel faster than
larger fragments
 Relative size of DNA fragments can be
determined by distance travelled
 Use standard curve to calculate size

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BIG IDEA 4: INTERACTIONS
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Lab 10: Energy Dynamics
 Concepts:
Energy from sunlight  drives photosynthesis
(store E in organic compounds)
 Gross Productivity (GPP) = energy captured
 But some energy is used for respiration (R)
 Net primary productivity (NPP) = GPP – R
 Energy flows! (but matter cycles)
 Producers  consumers
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Biomass = mass of dry weight
Lab 10: Energy Dynamics
Pyramid of Energy
Pyramid of Biomass
Pyramid of Numbers
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Lab 10: Energy Dynamics
 Description:
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Brassica (cabbage)  cabbage white
butterfly larvae (caterpillars)
Lab 10: Energy Dynamics
 Measuring Biomass:
Cabbage  mass lost
 Caterpillar  mass gained
 Caterpillar frass (poop)  dry mass

Lab 10: Energy Dynamics
 Conclusions:
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Lab 10: Energy Dynamics
 Conclusions:
Energy is lost (respiration, waste)
 Conservation of Mass
 Input = Output

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Lab 11: Transpiration
 Concepts:
Transpiration
 Xylem
 Water potential
 Cohesion-tension hypothesis
 Stomata & Guard cells
 Leaf surface area & # stomata vs. rate of
transpiration

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Lab 11: Transpiration
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Lab 11: Transpiration
 Description:
Determine relationship between leaf surface
area, # stomata, rate of transpiration
 Nail polish  stomatal peels
 Effects of environmental factors on rate of
transpiration
 Temperature, humidity, air flow (wind),
light intensity
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Analysis of Stomata
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Rates of Transpiration
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Lab 11: Transpiration
 Conclusions:
transpiration:  wind,  light
 transpiration:  humidity
 Density of stomata vs. transpiration
 Leaf surface area vs. transpiration

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Lab 12: Animal Behavior
 Concepts:

Experimental design
 IV, DV, control, constants
 Control vs. Experimental
 Hypothesis
innate vs. learned behavior
 choice chambers
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temperature
humidity
light intensity
salinity
other factors
Lab 12: Animal Behavior
 Description:

Investigate relationship between
environmental factors vs. behavior
 Betta fish agonistic behavior
 Drosophila (fruit fly) behavior
 Pillbug kinesis
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Lab 12: Animal Behavior
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Lab 12: Animal Behavior
 Hypothesis Development
Poor:
I think pillbugs will move toward the wet
side of a choice chamber.
 Better:
If pillbugs are randomly placed on two
sides of a wet/dry choice chamber and
allowed to move about freely for
10 minutes, then more pillbugs will be
found on the wet side because they
prefer moist environments.

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Lab 12: Animal Behavior
 Experimental Design
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sample size
Lab 12: Animal Behavior
 Data Analysis:
Chi-Square Test
 Null hypothesis: there is no difference
between the conditions
 Degrees of Freedom = n-1
 At p=0.05, if X2 < critical value  accept null
hypothesis (any differences between observed
and expected due to CHANCE)

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Lab 13: Enzyme Activity
 Concepts:

Enzyme
 Structure (active site, allosteric site)
 Lower activation energy
Substrate  product
 Proteins denature (structure/binding site
changes)

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Lab 13: Enzyme Activity
 Description:

Determine which factors affecting rate of
enzyme reaction
H2O2  H2O + O2
 Measure rate of O2 production

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catalase
Turnip peroxidase  Color change (O2 produced)
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Lab 13: Enzyme Activity
 Conclusions:

Enzyme reaction rate affected by:
 pH (acids, bases)
 Temperature
 Substrate concentration
 Enzyme concentration
Calculate Rate of Reaction
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Any Questions??
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