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Chapter 6
The Human Organism and
the Importance of Nutrition
Topics:
Nutrition and Nutrients: the Digestive System
Respiration and Energy: Respiratory System
Transporting Nutrients: The Cardiovascular system
Fighting Disease: The Lymphatic System
Elimination of Waste: The Urinary System
Nutrition
What it is and how to balance it
Nutrients
• A nutrient is a substance found in food that is
used by the body to meet important needs
• In other words, it’s the stuff in food that we
need.
• Some nutrients give us
• Some nutrients are useful in other ways.
6 components to nutrition
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. Carbs (carbohydrates)
2. Protein
3. Fats (lipids)
4. Vitamins
5. Minerals
6. Water
Carbs (carbohydrates)
• For energy
• Carbs (carbohydrate) go
by many names
– Sugar or starch
• Simple sugars
• complex carbohydrates, like
starch, glycogen and
cellulose
– Starch sources: grains,
pasta potatoes
– Sources of sugar: nearly
everything!!!
Protein
• builds and maintains body tissue
– creates all the structures of our bodies
• hair, muscles, fingernails
• Not all proteins are alike.
– Proteins are made up of amino acids.
Protein
• Essential Amino acids are a fundamental part of our
diet.
– 10 of the 20 amino acids are made by the human body
– The other 10 cannot and must be eaten.
– ***These other ten are "essential amino acids"
• They can easily be provided by a balanced diet.***
• Protein as Energy source
– Inefficient use of protein because
– It must be used immediately or
– the body converts protein to fat
Fats (lipids=fats, oil, waxes, sterols)
• Contain twice the energy per
gram as either carbs or protein.
• Important for getting your
vitamins
– Vitamins A, D, E and K require fats
– You must eat fats along with these
vitamins for your body to absorb
them
• They are “fat soluble” ( as opposed to
water soluble)
Fats
• In our body Fats are used for
Energy Storage
– Excess carbs and glucose are
converted to fats.
• Fat is also needed to:
– cushion all organs
– insulate against heat loss.
• Fat becomes harmful in excess!
– Stresses bones, muscles, heart and
emotions
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is
found in fatty
meat
• Cholesterol is a type of fat that is
found in most animals
• It is needed for many processes,
including:
– Maintaining cell membrane flexibility
– Making hormones
• Cholesterol is:
– Present in animal based foods
– Not present in plant based foods
• Your liver produces all you need
• You don’t need to eat any extra!
Too much cholesterol
can clog up your
arteries!
Vitamins and Minerals
• Both are substances needed
in tiny amounts for
metabolic processes
– Minerals are inorganic
– Digesting food,
building/repairing tissue,
transporting materials etc
• Are you getting enough?
– Marked on food labels as %
DV
• Percentage daily value
Vitamins and minerals
• Are you getting enough?
– carefully plan your diet to
include:
• dairy foods, veggies, meats and
fortified foods
– Fortified = vitamins/minerals added
(ie. Iodine in salt, vitamin D in milk
etc.)
– Or take a multivitamin that
supplement your diet.
• Does not replace a healthy diet
Focus Vitamins and minerals
• Tough vits and mins to get enough of in your diet.
• Calcium
– What It Does
•
•
•
•
Keeps bones and teeth healthy
Helps nerves function
Regulates your heartbeat
Needed to make blood clot
– Where you get it
• Dark leafy greens, beans, dairy
Focus Vitamins and minerals
• Vitamin D
– What it does
• forms bones and teeth
• Helps immune function
– Where to get it
•
•
•
•
Sun bathing
Vitamin D fortified milk
Salmon with bones/Sardines
Eggs and egg substitutes
Focus on Vitamins and Minerals
Arrrghh!
• Vitamin C
– What does it do?
• Heals wounds and broken bones
– Smokers should take 175% DV
• Improves immunity
– Where do I get it?
• Fruits (esp. citrus), broccoli, cabbage
Then your teeth
might fall out!
If you don’t get any
vitamin C, you
could get
SCURVEY!
Focus Vitamins and minerals
• Vitamin B12
– What it do
• Helps absorb food
• Helps nervous system
– Memory
• Keeps blood cells healthy
– Where you get it
• Liver
– Meat in general
• Milk
• Fortified cereals
Energy from Food
• The amount of energy in food can be measured
in:
• Dietary Calories (Cal)
– technically, a capital “C” dietary calorie is a
kilocalorie, 1000 small “c” physical calories, but we
will use the common approach and just call them
Calories.
• or Kilojoules (kJ)
– One kJ = 4.19 Cal
– So, if you know how many Calories a food has, just
multiply by 4 to find its approximate kilojoules.
Why two different measures?
• In Canada we are supposed to use kilojoules,
in accordance with international standards
• In the United States they mostly use Calories,
so lots of our textbooks and cookbooks list
food energy in Calories.
Energy from food
• Only three of the six parts of
your diet give you energy
– Carbohydrates
• 4 cal/g
– Proteins
• 4 cal/g
– Fats
• 9 cal/g
Energy needs
• You need energy for everything
your body does and even for
your mind’s thoughts!
• The basic energy requirements
are keep your heart, brain and
other organs going.
• In addition any exercise you do
requires energy based on
– Intensity of activity
– Your body mass
Energy in = Energy out?
• The amount of energy we get from food
should be equal to the amount of energy
that we use.
Energy
• If we get less energy from our food, we
begin to starve.
• If we get more energy from our food than
we use, then our body stores the extra
energy as fat.
In other words…
• If you use up 2000 Calories
day by your activities…
(8000 kJ) in
a
• Then you should eat food containing
about 2000 Calories (8000 kJ) in order to
replace your energy
How much do you need
• Varies with age and sex
– Adolescent girl : 1800-2400 Cal (7200-9600 kJ)
– Adolescent boy: 2200-3200 Cal (8800-12800kJ)
What do you think
this diagram means?
Everything is
related to
nutrition
What you eat,
exercise, how
well you care
for yourself.
Another pyramid: the food pyramid
• Eat only a little of the stuff
on top: Sweets and
carbohydrates
• Eat a bit more meat and
dairy
• Eat even more fruit and
vegetables
• Eat mostly foods with lots
of grain and fibre, like
bread, cereal, rice and
Eat…
•
•
•
•
Lots of grain and fibre-rich food.
Quite a bit of fruit and vegetables.
Some meat and dairy.
Just a little bit of dessert.
Filling in the Calories Used Table
Activity
# hours
Sleeping, Lying down
8h
10 h
2h
3h
1h
Cal /h
60
Calories used
Kilojoules
480
1920
Sitting, Watching TV
90
900
3600
Standing
120
240
960
Light Exercise
170
510
2040
Sports, Heavy Exercise
300
300
1200
TOTAL
2430
9720
Conclusion : Yesterday I used approximately 2430
calories of energy (or about 9720 kilojoules)
Food
(Breakfast)
Cereal / Milk
Toast / butter
Egg
Bacon
Servings
eaten
Calories per
serving
Calories
consumed
Kilojoules
consumed
1
2
1
3
110
65
75
35
110
130
75
115
440
520
300
460
TOTAL
430
1720
Exercises and Assignments
• Text Book
• Read pp. 159 to 166
• Do page 194, question #1 to 3
• Workbook
• Do pages 89, 90, 91 and 92
The Digestive System
-a one way tube through the body
Topics:
Digestive Tract vs. Glands
•Digestion and absorption
•The organs of the tube
Two Main Parts of Digestive System
• I.
The Digestive Tract
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1) Mouth
2) Pharynx
3) Esophagus
4) Stomach
5) Small Intestine
6) Large Intestine
7) Rectum & Anus
Ingests and chews food
Forms food into a bolus & swallows
Carries food to the stomach
Churns food into chyme
Absorbs nutrients from food
Absorbs water from waste
Eliminate waste food solids
• II. The Digestive Glands
•
•
•
•
•
A) Salivary Glands
B) Gastric Glands
C) Liver (with gall bladder)
D) Pancreas
E) Intestinal Glands
Secrete saliva
Secrete stomach acid, mucus and pepsin
Secretes bile
Secretes pancreatic juice
Secretes digestive enzymes & mucus
Digestion
• Your digestive system
digests two ways
– Chemically
• Acids and enzymes react with
foods to release their nutrients
– Physically/Mechanically
• Food is smooshed, torn and
broken down into smaller
pieces to releases nutrients
Absorption
• After food has been
digested
– Nutrients from food leave
your digestive tract
– And are absorbed into
your blood
1A 2
Digestive
Tract
Pharynx
Associated
Glands &
organs
1 The Mouth
3
(AKA:oral cavity)
2 Pharynx
3 Esophagus
B
C
4
Salivary glands
A
B Gastric glands
(stomach lining)
(digestive juices)
(acid & enzymes)
4 Stomach
5 Small intestine
C Liver
(bile)
Gall Bladder
(duodenum)
D
(bile storage)
(jejunum)
(ileum)
5
D Pancreas
Large intestine
6
6
*
(Ascending colon)
(Transverse colon)
7
(Descending colon)
(Sigmoid colon)
7b
7 Rectum
7b Anus
(saliva)
(pancreatic juice)
E Intestinal Glands
Appendix
*
(no function)
Organs of the tube:
1. Mouth
• Mechanical digestion
(physical breakdown)
Teeth
– Teeth
• Chemical digestion
(digestive enzymes)
– Saliva
• Under control of nervous system
• Contains:
Lysozyme (antibacterial enzyme)
Amylase (breaks down starch)
Palate
Salivary Gland
Tongue
Uvula
2. The Pharynx
• The pharynx is your throat. It
determines whether we are
breathing or swallowing
• We can’t do both at the same time
• A small muscular flaps, the uvula
and the epiglotis control this.
• When we are breathing, they open a
passage from our nose to our lungs.
• When we swallow, they close off the
lungs, and force the food into our
esophagus
Uvula
Epiglottis
3. Esophagus
• Tube that pushes bolus from
the mouth to the stomach
– bolus = food clump
– The pushing is done by
Peristalsis (click on word for animation)
• wave of muscle contractions
– Peristalsis pushes our food
through the entire digestive
system
• Heartburn is stomach acid
burning the bottom of the
esophagus
4. The Stomach
• Mechanical digestion in the stomach:
– Stomach muscles churn to produce chyme
• Chyme is mushed up food in stomach
• Chemical Digestion in the stomach:
– Gastric glands in the stomach lining secrete mucus and
hydrochloric acid. Acid also activates release of pepsin
• Ulcers :
– Painful hole in stomach caused by excess acid or bacteria
5. The Small Intestine
• Starts right after the stomach
• Many enzymes and chemicals break down food
– Enzymes and chemicals are injected from the pancreas and
liver
• ABSORBS nutrients.
– Small intestine is lined w/villi (tiny projections) covered
w/microvilli
• Peristalsis pushes bolus along to large intestine
The Pancreas (a Gland)
• Pancreas – gland just below the stomach
– Pancreatic juice neutralizes stomach acid
• Works like “baking soda” to get rid of excess acid.
– Produces enzymes (like amylase) that break down
macromolecules
– The Pancreas also releases insulin into blood.
The Liver (a Gland)
• Liver – large organ just above the stomach
– Produces bile (breaks down fat)
– Also vital for removal of toxins from body
6. The Large Intestine
• Recovers water (absorbs it back into the blood)
• Forms and stores feces (waste)
• Microbial fermentation to digest indigestible foods
(cellulose/wood)
• Pushes waste to rectum by peristalsis
7. The Rectum
Rectum
• The rectum holds feces
until they leave the anus
• The anus is a sphincter
muscle
– When you go #2 the
sphincter relaxes
– When you hold it, the
sphincter contracts
• Peristalsis pushes feces out of
your body
Anus
Large intestine
Large Intestine
(colon)
Small Intestine
Organs of the Digestive Tract
major organs are numbered, connections are not
Digestive Tract organ
– 1. Mouth
– 2. Pharynx
– 3. Esophagus
connection
Epiglottis
Function
connects
mechanical digestion
mouth  esophagus
moves food bolus
Cardiac sphincter
– 4. Stomach
esophagus  stomach
digestion
Pyloric valve
– 5. Small intestine
Cecum
– 6. Large intestine
– 7. Rectum
Anal sphincter
stomach  small intestine
digestion
absorbs nutrients !
small intestine  large
absorbs water
holds feces until released.
Rectumoutside
Glands of the Digestive System
• What the glands & organs secrete:
Mouth
– Salivary glands
(in mouth)
– Gastric Glands
Stomach (in stomach lining)
– Liver & gall bladder
– Pancreas
Intestines
amylase
lysozyme
acid
pepsin
mucus
bile
pancreatic
juice
insulin
into blood
digests starch
kills bacteria
dissolves foods
digests protein
protects stomach
digests fats
neutralizes acid
helps digest fats & carbs
absorbs carbs into blood
Exercises and Assignments
• Text Book
• Read pages 167 to 171
• Do Questions 4 and 5 on pages 194 to 195
• Workbook
• Do 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98
The Respiratory
System
Topics:
•Respiration?
•Parts of the resp sys
•Breathing
Respiratory System
• Respiration is the process by which we get
from nutrients.
• Carbs, Fats and Proteins can provide us with
energy if they are OXIDIZED by mitochondria
or our cells.
• To oxidize these nutrients, we need
• Getting this oxygen into our blood is the job of
the respiratory system.
What is Respiration?
• Respiration is…
– A) the process by which food is oxidized
– B) the Process where Oxygen (O2) is
exchanged for Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Respiratory system consists of:
• Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, lungs, ALVEOLI
Parts of the Respiratory System
1. Nasal Passages. They filter the air with hairs,
and they warm and moisten the air with
mucus.
Nasal Passage
Pharynx
Nose
Mouth
Parts of the Respiratory System
• 2. Pharynx = passage way to the trachea
(windpipe) and to the esophagus.
• Epiglottis = door that opens/closes trachea
• The pharynx is a crossing point between digestive and respiratory systems
Pharynx
Nose
Mouth
Epiglottis
Larynx
Parts of the Respiratory System
• 3. Larynx = vocal cords sit at top of trachea.
They carry air and produce sound (voice)
Pharynx
Nose
Larynx
Trachea
Mouth
Epiglottis
Parts of the Respiratory System
• 4. Trachea= AKA windpipe, tube that flows
from larynx to bronchi. It further filters the air,
and sweeps dirt upwards using hair-like cilia
Nose
Mouth
Epiglottis
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Lung
Parts of the Respiratory System
• 5. Bronchi (sing. Bronchus) are two air
passages into lungs. They split into many
smaller bronchioles.
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Lung
Nose
Mouth
Bronchiole
Bronchus
Epiglottis
Bronchioles
Diaphragm
Edge of
pleural membrane
Capillaries
Alveoli
Parts of the Respiratory System
• 6. Lungs = Spongy, elastic organs in the ribcage.
• Alvioli: inside the lungs are air sacs w/ capillaries that
exchange O2 & CO2 (350 million of them)
• Alvioli are the FUNCTIONAL UNIT of resp. sys.
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Nose
Mouth
Lung
Bronchiole
Bronchus
Epiglottis
Alveoli
Bronchioles
Diaphragm
Edge of
pleural membrane
Capillaries
Gas Exchange
• In alveoli, O2 diffuses across
capillaries and CO2 diffuses out
– Inhale:
• 21% O2
• 0.04% CO2
– Exhale
Alveoli
Bronchiole
• 15% O2
• 4% CO2
Capillary
How do we Breath?
• Diaphragm = muscle that pulls down &
expand lungs
Air exhaled
Air inhaled
Rib cage
descends
Rib cage rises
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Inhalation
Exhalation
How is breathing controlled?
• The Brain Stem (AKA: medulla oblongata)
– controls breathing by detecting CO2 ( not O2).
– If blood is high in CO2, you breathe faster.
Assignments and Exercises
• Text Book
• Read pages 172 to 176
• Do Questions 7, 8 and 9 on page 195
• Workbook
• Do pages 99, 100, 101 and 102
Blood and Lymph
Blood and lymph
are two fluids that
circulate though
our bodies.
Each fluid has its
own system of
vessels to carry it
from place to
place.
BLOOD
Red blood cells,
White blood cells,
Platelets and
Plasma
About Blood
• Blood is the only fluid tissue
• It is red and viscous (thicker than water)
• You have between 4 and 6 litres of blood
– Women have closer to four, men closer to 6
• Blood is made of:
55%
45%
– Blood Plasma (the liquid part)
– Formed elements (the more solid part) including:
• Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes or RBCs)
• White blood cells (Leucocytes or WBCs)
• Platelets
Blood can be separated with a
Centrifuge
• The centrifuge spins a test
tube of blood around.
• The heavy parts (RBCs) move
to the bottom of the tube
• The light parts (blood plasma)
go to the top of the tube
• Medium density parts (WBCs
and platelets) end up in the
middle of the test tube
Purposes of blood parts
• The blood plasma carries dissolved nutrients
and/or waste materials
• White blood cells (AKA: WBCs or leucocytes )
help fight infections.
• We will look at WBCs in more detail when we study the
lymphatic system.
• Platelets help our blood to clot, to seal leaks
in our blood vessels and start tissue repair.
• Red blood cells (AKA: RBCs or erythrocytes)
carry oxygen to all parts of the body
Blood Types
• Uses of blood typing
– Properties of blood help with:
• Paternity suits
• Forensic science
• Health problems
More on Erythrocytes (R.B.C.s)
• RBCs contain antigens
Substances on the surface of blood cells
– Which determine your blood
type
• 4 main blood types:
Substance A only
Substance B only
– A, B, AB and O
– There is another Substance
(Rhesus) which is present in
some people (the Rh factor)
• 2 minor blood types:
– If you have Rh factor it you are +
– If you don’t you are –
– Example blood types:
• Mr Taylor is B+
• Mr MacKechnie is OOther people can be:
AB+, AB-, A+, A-, B- and O+
Total of 8 blood groups
Both Substances
No Substances
The 8 Standard Blood Groups
do not copy this chart. I will show you a faster way later
Blood Type
%
AB+
AB–
A+
Antigens
Antibodies Can give blood to
Can receive blood from
3% A, B, Rh
None
AB+
anybody
1% A, B
Rh
AB+, AB–
A–, AB–, B–, O–
34% A, Rh
B
AB+, A+
A+, A– O+, O–
A–
6% A
B, Rh
AB+, AB–, A+, A–
A–, O–
B+
8% B, Rh
A
AB+, B+
B+, B–, O+, O–
B–
1% B
A, Rh
AB+, AB–,B+, B–
B–, O–
O+
40% Rh
A, B
AB+, B+, A+, O+
O+, O–
A, B, Rh
anybody
O–
O–
7% none
The rarest blood types
The most common
in North America are
blood type in AB- and BNorth America is
O+
Immune System of the Blood
• Your immune system tries to destroy invading
cells.
• It does this by producing chemicals called antibodies
• Usually this is a good thing. Invading cells
often make us sick
• BUT… It may cause problems if you ever need
a blood transfusion.
• You might produce antibodies against the blood cells
you receive in a transfusion!
• A Type A person has Substance
A (the A-antigen) on their blood cells
• A Type A person can also
produce an “Anti-B” chemical
called the “B-Antibody” which
will destroy any blood cell that
has Substance B (the B-antigen) on it.
“Attack of the Antibodies”
• Chemical warfare of blood:
– Type A people produce anti-B
chemicals that can destroy B-type
blood cells
• AKA: B antibodies
– Type B’s produce anti-A chemicals
• AKA: A antibodies
– AB’s have no attack chemicals
• AKA: no antibodies
– O’s have both anti-chemicals.
• AKA: A and B antibodies
• Each blood type is also Rh+ or Rh(positive or negative)
– Same system as blood types
• Rn positive has no Rh antibodies
• Rh negative produces Rh antibodies
Blood Transfusion Rules
– Recipients:
– Type A welcomes type A and type O
blood
– B’s welcome in B and O blood
– AB’s welcome all blood types
– O’s reject all blood except for their own
type.
– Donors:
–
–
–
–
A’s can donate to A and AB types
B’s can donate to B and AB
AB’s donate to AB only
O’s can donate to all
– Rh factors
– Positive can only donate to other
positives.
– Negative can donate to both.
• Copy diagrams
Additionally:
Anyone can donate
blood to, or receive
blood from their own
type
Transfusions…
• Antibodies present
in the recipient must
not match the
antigens (blood
type) of the donor.
– Clumping will occur.
• Antibodies attach to
matching antigens
Click on top
picture and scroll
down to the
“Blood typing”
section and show
the agglutination
animation on the
left.
Click on picture at
right and play the
“Blood Typing”
game.
Assignments and Exercises
• Text Book:
• Read pages 177 to 181
• Do questions 10, 11, and 12 on pages 195 and 196
• Workbook:
• Do pages 103, 104, 105 and 106
The Cardiovascular System
A.K.A: Circulatory System
Topics
•the heart
•Circulation
•blood vessels
•blood types
Your Heart
• The size of your fist
– Mostly muscle
– 4 hollow chambers
• 2 Atria (plural of Atrium)
– upper chambers
• 2 Ventricles
– lower chambers
– Pericardium
• protective sac around the heart
– Septum
• wall separating heart’s
chambers
Left and Right sides of the heart
Right
Side
• Most diagrams of the
heart show the left
and right sides
reversed
Left • This is deliberate! You
Side
are viewing the heart
from in front, so what
you see on the left is
actually the right side.
Blood Flow Through the Heart
• Blood flow is one way
– Atria accept blood and pump
it into (load) CV
ventricles
• Atria are weak pumps
– Ventricles pump the blood
out of the heart.
CV
• Ventricles are stronger pumps
– Valves prevent back flow of
blood
• Keep it going one way.
Diastole
Systole
Circulation: 2 types
• Pulmonary circulation
– From heart to lungs
• CO2 leaves blood, O2 enters
blood.
• Systemic circulation
– Oxygen rich blood is
pumped to the whole body
• Oxygen poor/ CO2 rich blood
is returned
Heart Beat
• 2 sets of muscles
fibers
– Atrial and
ventrical
• Sinoatrial node in
right atrium
controls pace of
heart
– Natural
pacemaker
Blood vessels
Artery
• The Cardiovascular system is a closed system from
arteries to capillaries and back through veins
• Arteries
– From heart to tissues
– Carry oxygenated blood (rich in oxygen)
• Except pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
– Arteries are thick walled.
• Because blood is under high pressure
Blood vessels
Capillaries
• Capillaries
Blood cells pass single
file through capillaries
– Between arteries and veins
– Gas and nutrient exchange
– Capillaries are the
Functional units of
circulatory system
Blood vessels
Vein
• Veins
– Carry blood back to the heart.
– Carry deoxygenated blood (lots of CO2)
• Except pulmonary veins which carry oxygenated.
– Thin walled
• Not much pressure.
• Valves in the veins keep blood from
flowing backwards.
Body movements help push blood through the veins
Blood Pressure
• Measured with a
sphygmomanometer
– (great bonus question)
• Systolic pressure
– force felt when ventricles
contract
• Diastolic pressure
– force felt when ventricles relax
• Average blood pressure is
140/90
– Average tap pressure is 3000!
Circulatory System Disorders
• Atherosclerosis
–fat deposits in arteries
–Root cause of most
disorders, high blood
pressure, heart attacks and
strokes.
Circulatory System Responses
• Your circulatory system has to respond to different
stimuli:
• Example 1. When you exercise
– Your body needs more oxygen & nutrients
– Your heartbeat increases to speed circulation
– Some blood vessels expand, other close up
• Blood is directed towards organs that need it the most (like
your muscles and lungs)
• Your respiratory system is stimulated so you breathe faster.
• Blood is directed away from organs that are not exercising
(like your brain and parts of your digestive system.)
• Example 2: When you are hot
– Blood flow is directed towards the skin
– Capillaries in the skin open up, allowing heat to be
transferred to the skin. When you are hot, your
skin often looks pinker because of this.
• Example 3: When you are cold
– Blood flow is directed towards vital organs to keep
them warm.
– Capillaries in the skin close to reduce heat loss.
When you are cold, you skin often looks pale.
• Example 4: When you are nervous or afraid…
– Your adrenal glands produce adrenalin, which
stimulates your circulatory system
– Your heartbeat and blood pressure increase, so you are
ready to react.
• Example 5: When you are bleeding…
– Platelets in you blood start producing a stringy protien.
– This stringy substance traps blood cells forming a clot,
that plugs the broken blood vessels.
– A large clot on the surface becomes a scab, that covers
the wound and speeds up healing
Assignments and Exercises
• Text book:
• Read pages 182 to 186
• Do questions 13, 14 and 15 on page 196
• Workbook:
• Do pages 107, 108, 109 and 110
Lymphatic System
•
A network of vessels that:
1. Removes extracellular fluid
and returns it to the
Cardiovascular system.
2. Absorbs fats and fat soluble
vitamins from intestines
3. Is home to many immune
cells, including White Blood
Cells.
WBCs are actually made in
the bone marrow, but are
stored in the lymphatic
system.
Extracellular fluid
is a clear liquid
that surrounds our
cells.
Tonsils
(large nodes)
Vein
• The lymphatic system
Nodes
“parallels” the cardiovascular (armpit)
system.
Bone marrow
Nodes
• Its set of vessels, called
lymph ducts, are similar to
veins and capillaries.
Lymph
ducts
• It has nodes, small organs
which filter lymph, and where
Nodes
WBCs fight infections.
Lymph
ducts
Thymus
Spleen
Intestines
Lymphatic system (cont)
• Lymph
– The yellowish fluid of the lymphatic system
– You have 1 or 2 litres of lymph in your body
– Contains: lots of fat, fluid, proteins, immune
cells and wastes.
• Lymph nodes…
– Filter lymph
– Location of WBC activity.
White Blood Cells (WBCs / Leucocytes)
and the Immune System
• 99.8% of our blood cells are Red Blood Cells
that help carry oxygen.
• 0.2% are White Blood Cells (WBC) that fight
infection.
• Although WBCs are found in the blood, they are more
concentrated in the lymphatic system
• Most blood cells come from bone marrow.
• WBCs “eat” invading bacteria and viruses
(phagocytosis)
• They can also kill infected cells by triggering
their “self destruct sequence”
(apoptosis)
White Blood Cells
(Leucocytes)
• White blood cells
(AKA leukocytes)
– Attack intruders
– #s increase with infection in body
– Several varieties
– Contain nuclei
– 1 WBC to 700 RBCs
– Most live only a few days
– Produced in white bone marrow
Varieties of blood cells (FYI only)
RBCs
WBCs
Platelets
Platelets and Blood Clotting
• Platelets are Plasma proteins
and cell fragments.
• Platelets make blood clot.
– They stick to damaged blood
vessels
– they release clotting factors
(coagulate blood)
• Optional Information:
• Calcium and vitamin K aid in creating
thrombin
• Thrombin is an enzyme that converts
fibrinogen into sticky mass of fibrin (AKA a
scab)
Assignments and Exercises
• Text book:
• Read pages 187 to 190 (top)
• Workbook:
• Do pages 111, 112, 113, 114
The Urinary System and the
Elimination of Waste.
• Waste is eliminated in many ways in our body:
• The digestive system excretes solid wastes that come from
our food.
• The lungs eliminate CO2 and some other volatile wastes.
• The sweat glands help eliminate some dissolved wastes.
• But the most important system for eliminating
dissolved or liquid wastes is the urinary system.
Excretion
• Cells produce excess salt, CO2 and urea
– Skin excretes salt, water and a little urea
– Lungs excrete CO2
– But it’s the Kidneys that filter out urea and other toxins
Dirty Blood In
from Renal Artery
Urine
Clean Blood Out
Water,
urea,
other
wastes,
excess
salt &
through Renal Vein
minerals
through ureter to bladder
The Kidneys
• Kidneys are blood filters
– Renal artery enters kidney
– Cleaned blood leaves through renal vein
– The toxins leave the kidneys through the ureter to the
urinary bladder
Renal Artery
Ureter
Renal Vein
Kidney
Enrichment
How the Kidneys Work
• This section contains advanced material about
how kidneys filter urea from our blood. If you
aren’t interested in this, you can skip to:
• control of kidney function
Kidney Structure
• Shown cut in ½, the outer part is the
renal cortex, inner is the renal medulla
• Functional unit of the kidney is the
nephron
– filters out toxins and nutrients then
reabsorbs only nutrients
•
The Nephron/Filtration
Steps:1st Artery, 2nd Bowman’s capsule,
3rd the loop of Henle and 4th Blood
leaves Vein/Urine goes to bladder.
Nephrons are tiny, almost microscopic!
1. Artery carries blood to…
2. Bowman’s capsule
through the glomerulus.
3
•
a
2
3. Collecting tube then
passes filtrate on to the
Loop of Henle.
•
4
1
b
Pressurized capillaries
remove or filter sugars,
salts urea etc.
Amino acids, glucose and
99% of water is reabsorbed
into the blood by
capillaries.
4. Blood and waste separate
a.
Concentrated urine and
salts are then secreted
through ureter
b. Blood leaves thru vein
Control of Kidney Function
• Controlled by composition of blood so…
it’s important in Homeostasis of blood
– Maintains salt concentration, and pH
• Can you mess with your kidneys?
– Coffee and alcohol are diuretics….
• They make your kidneys work harder.
– Diabetes and Heart Disease
• Make your kidneys more susceptible.
– Excess Medications
• Many medications contain toxic substances.
• Too much medicine might hurt your kidneys.
Homeostasis means
keeping everything
in balance.
Mechanized Homeostasis
• Dialysis is what you need if your kidneys fail:
– blood is removed pumped through “hemodialyzer”
filters (artificial kidneys) and replaced.
Summary Notes
• When we oxidize proteins, our cells produce
a waste material called urea.
• We must excrete this excess urea, or it will
become toxic.
• Our kidneys filter the urea from our blood,
and excrete it as urine.
• If your kidneys fail, you might need dialysis
Assignments and Exercises
• Text Book: Read pages 190 to 193
• Workbook: Do pages 115 to 116
Pathways of Nutrition
Food
In
Urinary
System Out
Digestive
System
Cardiovascular
System
Air
(oxygen)
In
Respiratory
System
O2
Nu
CO2
Cells
(Mitochondia)
Ur
Respiratory
System Out
End of Chapter 6
• Pre-test Review
• Re-read Chapter 6 (pp.159 to 193)
• If you have read this before, you can just skim this time,
looking for the highlights. If you haven’t read this
before, read it carefully!
• Workbook pages 117 to 120
• End of Chapter. Pre-test Review
• Re-read Chapter 6 (pp.159 to 193)
• If you have read this before, you can just skim this time,
looking for the highlights. If you haven’t read this
before, read it carefully!
• Workbook pages 117 to 120
• This reviews the whole chapter, from nutrition to
excretion, including:
–
–
–
–
–
Digestive system & nutrition
Cardiovascular System & blood
Respiratory system
Lymphatic System & lymph & immune cells
Urinary System & urine
Answers to Workbook page 117
• 1. a) cardiovascular system, b) lymphatic system, c) digestive
system, d) respiratory system, e) urinary system
• 2.
–
–
–
–
Oxygen
Cellular waste
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
•
•
•
•
from blood to cells
from cells to blood
Answers to Workbook page 118
• 3
–
–
–
–
• 4.
A) Respiratory, urinary, digestive system, skin(must give 2 of4)
B) Digestive system
C) Cardiovascular system (also accept circulatory system)
D) Lymphatic system (also accept immune system)
Element
White Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells
Water
Cell Waste
Nutrients
Platelets
Found in Blood
Found in lymph










Answers to Workbook page 118
Organs
System
Lungs
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Lymphatic System
Digestive and Respiratory Systems
Stomach
Bladder
Heart
Veins
Pancreas
Kidneys
Lymph nodes
Pharynx
Answers to Workbook page 119
• 6.
Substance
Input System responsible Output System responsible
for its introduction
for its elimination
Amino Acids

Digestive
Oxygen

Respiratory
Carbon dioxide

Respiratory
Urine

Urinary
Glucose

Digestive
• 7. Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, small intestine, blood, extracellular liquid, cell
• 8
a) it’s better to drink 3.25% whole milk (skim milk or 1% milk)
b) We should eat at least two servings of fish every month . (week)
–
c) It is better to eat whole fruits and vegetables than juices .
–
d) You should always  salt your food . (seldom)
–
e) food prepared with fats should be avoided
– f) we should eat at least one green and one orange vegetable every day
Although not required, I have shown why some answers are incorrect.
–



Answers to Workbook page 119
• 9. The function of oxygen is to produce energy by oxidizing
nutrients from our food in the mitochondria of our cells. (The
exact wording may vary, but it should have something to do
with getting energy.)
• 10. Our body needs energy during physical exercise. When
our cells produce energy they also release carbon dioxide.
The concentration of this gas increases in our body. Be must
therefore increase our respiratory rhythm to expel it.
Answers to Workbook page 120
• 11 a. The blue arrow represents the air passage
b. The red arrow represents food passage.
c. Number Structure
number Structure
1
Nasal passages
4
Epiglottis
2
Pharynx
5
Esophagus
3
Larynx
d. #2 (the pharynx)
e. the epiglottis (#4) closes the trachea when we swallow.
• 12 a. The esophagus is behind the trachea
b. The trachea has cartilaginous rings
c. The trachea must be kept open so that we can breathe.