Download ap bio midterm review with answers from mirman

Allopatric speciation (define, steps, example)
Speciation
a. biological species concept (Ernst Mayr)
population able to interbreed & produce viable, fertile offspring
b allopatric = geographically isolated populations
Sympatric speciation (define, steps example).
sympatric = populations in same environment adapt to fill different niches
Adaptive speciation (define, why, benefits?)
Adaptive speciation occurs when biological interactions induce disruptive selection and the evolution of
assortative mating (nonrandom mating pattern where individuals with similar genotypes and/or phenotypes
mate with one another more frequently than what would be expected under a random mating pattern), thus
triggering the splitting of lineages.
Homologous structures?
Analogous structures?
Natural selection, evidence for and principles?
Coevolution?
Hybrid vigor?
An increase in the performance of hybrids over that of purebreds
outbreeding enhancement, is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring.
Geographic isolation?
Convergent evolution?
Divergent evolution?
Defensive adaptation?
Turtle shells
Adaptive radiation?
Adaptive Radiations can be a direct consequence of 4 of the following 5 factors. Select the exception.
A. Vacant ecological niches
B. Genetic drift
C. Colonization of an isolated region that contains suitable habitat and few competitor species.
D. Evolutionary innovation
E. An adaptive radiation in a group of organisms(such as plants) that another group use for food.
It occurs when a variety of new forms—including new related species—adapts to and fills a variety of
ecological niches. Darwins Niches
Polymorphism? two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species — in other words, the
occurrence of more than one form or morph. In order to be classified as such, morphs must occupy the same habitat at the
same time and belong to a panmictic population (one with random mating).[
Describe the Miller/Urey experiment-
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
According to the Endosymbiosis Theory, what did the cell engulf to become a heterotrophic eukaryote?
Mitochondria or aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote
Describe the early earth’s atmosphere?
Earth is 4.5 billion years old
b. abiotic origin
atmosphere of CO2, methane (CH3) & ammonia (NH3) energized by lightning & UV
rays
formation organic compounds in seas (Miller – Urey experiment)
formation of protobionts & then bacteria (3.5 bya)
Behavioral isolation?
A scientist places a male and female bird in a cage. The male performs a mating display, but the female is not
impressed.
Genetic drift?
c. genetic drift = effect of chance events
bottleneck effect (cheetahs)

founder’s effect (European settlers in Americas)
d. gene flow
Polygenetic inheritance?
Heterozygote advantage?
Sexual selection?
intrasexual selection, or competition between members of the same sex (usually males) for access to mates, and intersexual
selection, where members of one sex (usually females) choose members of the opposite sex.
mechanisms:
pre-zygotic: habitat factors, temporal factors, behavioral factors, mechanical factors,
gamete factors
post-zygotic: reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility
Sexual dimorphism?
The differences in appearance between males and females of the same species, as in colour, shape, size, and
structure
Disruptive selection?
Stabilizing selection?
Directional selection?
Cryptic coloration?
allows an organism to match its background and hence become less vulnerable to predation or
recognition by prey.
Warning coloration?
(aposematism) is effectively the "opposite" of camouflage. Its function is to make the animal, for example a wasp or a
coral snake, highly conspicuous to potential predators, so that it is noticed, remembered, and then avoided.
C4 photosynthesis?

In this type of photosynthesis environmental CO2 is first incorporated into 4-carbon acids in cells
known as mesophylls. These acids are transported to other cells known as bundle sheath cells. In
these cells, the reaction is reversed, CO2 is released and subsequently used in the normal (C3)
photosynthetic pathway. The incorporation of CO2 into 3-carbon compounds is catalyzed by an
enzyme known as Rubisco.
Advantages of C4 Photosynthesis

In hot and dry environments C4 photosynthesis is more efficient than C3 photosynthesis. This is due
to two reasons. The first one is that the system does not undergo photorespiration, a process that
runs counter to photosynthesis (see below). The second one is that plants can keep their pores
shut longer periods of time, thus avoiding water loss.
CAM photosynthesis?
crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), exists in succulents such as cacti and other desert plants. These plants have the same
two carbon-fixing steps as are present in C4 plants, but rather than being spatially separated between the mesophyll and bundle
sheath cells, CAM plants have both carbon dioxide-fixing enzymes within the same cell.
These enzymes are active at different times, PEP carboxylase during the day and Rubisco at night. Just as Kranz anatomy is
unique to C4 plants, CAM plants are unique in that the stomata are open at night and largely closed during the day.
Glycolysis?
Calvin cycle?
Secondary consumer?
Primary consumer?
Detritovore?
Symbiosis?
Commensalism?
Mutualism?
Parasitism?
Predation?
Law of tolerance?
Ecological succession?
Net primary productivity?
NPP is a parameter used to quantify the net carbon absorption rate by living plants. NPP is the difference between
plant photosynthesis and respiration
Trophic pyramid?
Biological magnification?
Eutrophication?
Trophic levels?
Organism?
Community?
Habitat?
Ecosystem?
Niche?
Tropical rain forest?
Taiga?
Arctic tundra?
Temperate grassland (you would call it a savannah)?
Desert?
Exponential versus logistic growth?
Cell cycle steps?
Steps of interphase?
What happens in cytokinesis?
Mitosis steps?
Big picture for mitosis?
Binary fission?
Asexual versus sexual reproduction?
Cell cycle checkpoints?
Cyclin/CDKs?
Cdk (cyclin dependent kinase, adds phosphate to a protein), along with cyclins, are major control switches for the cell
cycle, causing the cell to move from G1 to S or G2 to M.
What can occur because of faulty cell cycle?
MPF (Maturation Promoting Factor) includes the CdK and cyclins that triggers progression through the cell cycle.
p53 is a protein that functions to block the cell cycle if the DNA is damaged. If the damage is severe this protein can
cause apoptosis (cell death).
1. p53 levels are increased in damaged cells. This allows time to repair DNA by blocking the cell cycle.
2. A p53 mutation is the most frequent mutation leading to cancer. An extreme case of this is Li Fraumeni
syndrome, where a genetic a defect in p53 leads to a high frequency of cancer in affected individuals.
p27 is a protein that binds to cyclin and cdk blocking entry into S phase. Recent research (Nature Medicine 3, 152
(1997)) suggests that breast cancer prognosis is determined by p27 levels. Reduced levels of p27 predict a poor
outcome for breast cancer patients.
The sputum (fluid coughed up from the lungs) of many smokers contain cells with mutations (errors) in
the genes for p53. The smoking induced mutations appear to be an early signal showing that cancer of
the lungs will follow. What is the likely relationship between early p53 mutation and the development of
lung cancer?
A. p53 with a mutation directly stimulates the growth of cancer cells.
B. Mutations in p53 would prevent abnormal cells from dying by apoptosis.
C. Mutant p53 triggers the M phase of the cell cycle leading to abnormal cell division.
D. p53 causes a cell to enter G0, blocking cell division.
Big picture for mitosis (chromosome number before/after, number of cells before/after)
Prior to cell division, each chromosome replicates or duplicates its genetic material. The products are
connected by a centromere and are called:
A. sister chromosomes
B. homologous chromosomes
C. sex chromosomes
D. sister chromatids
Big picture for meiosis (same information as mitosis)?
Steps for meiosis?
Major events that increase variation in a gamete?
Cleavage furrow?
Structure of cell membrane?
Diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion?
Active transport?
Osmosis?
Tonicity?
measure of the osmotic pressure gradient (as defined by the water potential of the two solutions) of two solutions
separated by a semipermeable membrane
Hypertonic?
Hypotonic?
Isotonic?
Turgor pressure?
pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall of plant, bacteria, and fungi cells as well as those
protist cells which have cell walls.
Water potential?
Water molecules move randomly.
When water is enclosed by a membrane some of the moving water molecules will hit the
membrane, exerting pressure on it.
o This pressure is known as water potential.
 It is measured in units of pressure, can be measured in kPa, MPa, bar.
 Pure water has a water potential of zero.
 A solution will have a lower concentration of water molecules so it will have a negative
water potential.
o
o
 We look at water movement in terms of water potential. (ψ psi)
 Two factors:
 Solute concentration and pressure
 Pure water ψ =0
 The addition of solute lowers the water potential. (negative number)
 Water potential determines the rate and direction of osmosis.
Signal transduction (generic) steps?
Enzyme that adds phosphate?
phosphorylases and kinases, which attach phosphate groups to their substrates by using energetic molecules like ATP.
Enzyme that removes phosphate?
phosphatase is an enzyme that removes a phosphate group from its substrate by hydrolysing
Density-dependent inhibition?
Mitochondria?
Nucleus?
Nucleolus?
Ribosomes?
Chloroplast?
Golgi apparatus?
Lysosome?
Plant cell traits?
Animal cell traits?
Hydrogen bonding?
Carboxyl group?
Carbonyl group?
Hydroxyl group?
Amino group?
Trace element?
Prokaryote cells?
Eukaryote cells?
Respiration processes (big pictures, steps, products/reactants, energy use/production)?
Fermentation processes?
Photosynthesis processes ((big pictures, steps, products/reactants, energy use/production)?
Coenzymes?
Allosteric inhibition?
Non-competative
Competitive inhibition?
Enzyme function?
Activation energy?
Exergonic reactions (exothermic)
An exothermic reaction is a chemical or physical reaction that is done by the release of heat. It gives out energy to its
surroundings. The energy needed for the reaction to occur is less than the total energy released.
Endergonic reactions (endothermic)
An endothermic process or reaction absorbs energy in the form of heat (endergonic processes or reactions absorb energy,
not necessarily as heat). Examples of endothermic processes include the melting of ice and the depressurization of a
pressurized can.
What is energy coupling?
a description of the energetic relationship between the reactants and products in an exergonic reaction
the use of an enzyme to reduce EA
a barrier to the initiation of a reaction
the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction
the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + P
Optimal foraging theory?
Optimal foraging theory is an idea in ecology based on the study of foraging behaviour and states that organisms forage in
such a way as to maximize their net energy intake per unit time. In other words, they behave in such a way as to find, capture
and consume food containing the most calories while expending the least amount of time possible in doing so.