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Chapter 5 Byzantium and Islam Hagia Sophia, Justinian’s Cathedral as it looks today. Note the added minarets from the Ottoman Period The only classical society that survived in the centuries after 400 C.E. was the a.Roman Empire b.Han Dynasty c.Mauryan Dynasty d.Byzantine Empire What position does the center definition of Council of Chalcedon represent? The Orthodox Positon Which of these views caused many Egyptian Christians to adopt Islam? Monophysitism Put the Rashidun (or rightly-guided caliphs) in correct order a. Omar, Ali, Uthman, Abu Bekr b. Abu Bekr, Omar, Uthman, Ali c. Uthman, Abu Bekr, Ali, Omar d. Ali, Uthman, Omar, Abu Bekr What three elements combined to form the Byzantine Empire? Roman Law Greek Culture The Christian Religion What was the result of the Battle of Yarmuk? The Bulgarian king Symeon was defeated Anatolia was overrun by the Seljuks Sicily was overrun by the Ottomans The Byzantines lost Palestine and Syria Ibn Rushd's reliance on natural reason went too far for many Muslims a.because of his criticism of Muhammad b.because of his questioning of the existence of Allah. c. who didn't like his respect for polytheistic religions. d.who placed more value on the revelations of the Quran than on human logic. What Christian heresy teaches that there is only one God and Christ was created and therefore, although Christ was divine, he was created by the Father and therefore inferior? Arianism Who finally suppressed Iconoclasm? The Empress Theodora When? 843 C.E. Who were the Malawi? Slave soldiers who served the Umayyads Islamic Judges Radical Shiites Non-Arab converts to Islam Persian Poets and Historians R S B C AN A Put an R over Rome Put a C over Constantinople Put an A over Alexandria Put a B in the middle of the Balkans Put an AN over Anatolia Put an S on Sicily From whom did Byzantium’s superb bureaucracy take its origin? Justinian Augustus Heraclius Theodosius The Byzantines called themselves Romans but what language did they speak? Greek Who was the English historian who believed that Christianity corrupted Roman courage and evaluated Byzantium in a negative light? Edward Gibbon The founder of the Umayyad Dynasty was a.Abu Bekr b.Mu’awiya c.Abu al-Abbas d.Harun al-Rashid Which of the following was a daughter nation of Byzantium? Persia Gaul Bulgaria Spain What Christian heresy took the second commandment literally and tried to ban or destroy all religious pictures? Iconoclasm Which notable Protestant Reformer of the sixteenth century was an Iconoclast? John Calvin What were Qadis? a.Judges b.Governors c.Teachers d.Poets This emperor ruled the ____________ Empire in the 6th century C.E. a. Roman b.Carolingian c. Persian d.Byzantine What was the dual legacy of the Byzantine Empire? 1. Byzantium preserved Greco/Roman culture 2. Byzantium spread its own unique culture to its daughter states in Eastern Europe and Russia. Over the sweep of history, between what two law codes does Justinian’s Corpus Iuris Civilis stand? The Code of Hammurabi c. 1810 - 1750 B.C.E. Napoleon’s Code of 1804 C.E. The Sufis believed a.in reconciling the spiritual and rational worlds. b.that they, and not the Umayyads, were the legitimate rulers of the Islamic world. c. in an emotional and mystical union with Allah. d.that the leadership of the Islamic world had to pass through the line of Ali. Who was the Emperor who moved his capital out of Rome, issued the Edict of Milan and called the first Church Council at Nicaea? Constantine In 380, which emperor made Christianity the State Religion of the Roman Empire. Theodosius What was the result of the Battle of Manzikert? The Bulgarian king Symeon was defeated Anatolia was overrun by the Seljuks Constantinople was saved The Byzantines lost Palestine and Syria Pendative style of Hagia Sophia’s _______________ architecture created a huge open space for worship, which the Basilica could not – and was copied by Russian and Muslim builders for centuries to follow. Who was Justinian’s empress and advisor who came from a “shady” background but who did much for women and is considered a Saint in the Orthodox Church today? Theodora Which of the following statements are not correct? Belisarius defeated the Visigoths XBasil II was the last Byzantine emperor XHeraclius was the last Roman emperor Justinian built Hagia Sophia Syncretism _________________is the combination or fusion of different forms of belief, practice, technology or cultural traditions Theme System The Byzantine __________________ not only reflected the old citizen-soldier ideal of ancient Rome, but also provided an extremely flexible method of countering external threats, since armies could be raised quickly from men who had a stake in protecting their land and farms. Who was the Norman Viking who took Sicily and Southern Italy from Byzantium? Liutprand Alaric Tamerlane Robert Guiscard Skyscrapers tower this over this ancient and holy shrine of the Ka’ba in__________ a.Medina b.Istanbul c. Mecca d.Baghdad From what country did Arabic numerals originate? a.Arabia b.Iraq c. Iran d.India Who first developed the idea of Caesaropapism or the concept that the emperor is head of church and state? Constantine What happened between Rome and Constantinople in 1054 CE? The pope and patriarch mutually excommunicated each other How was the role of women in the Islamic world influenced by the Arabic conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia? a.female infanticide was declared illegal. b.Islamic society became much less patriarchal. c. polygamy was outlawed. d.Islamic society became more patriarchal. Who annihilated a Bulgarian army in the Battle of Kleidon in 1014? Basil II Constantine XI Heraclius Robert Guiscard The turning point in the rise of Islam was The Hijra The word Islam means: Submission The Shia or Shiites believed that the descendants of Ali were The only legitimate caliphs (rulers) Who was the first true Byzantine emperor? Justinian Augustus Heraclius Constantine What were Madrasas? Taifa Harems Muslim institutions of higher education Another name for Shiite Mosques Wazirs Which of the Following best describes Byzantium? Transmitter Society Innovative Society Secular Society Islamic holy law was and is known as the a.Quran b.Sharia c. Ulama d.Madrasas In 325 C.E. the Council of Nicaea a. established the boundary line between the Eastern and Western Roman empires. b.accepted the Nestorian view of the solely divine nature of Jesus. c. accepted the Manichaean view that Jesus was only a spirit. d.decided that Jesus possessed both human and divine natures. Name this building. Hagia Sophia Who built it? Justinian What new industry, transmitted to the Islamic world from China, was introduced to Europe during the Abbasid period? a.steel production b.bronze production c. paper production d.textile production He was a descendant of Muhammad's uncle and allied with Shiites and with non-Arab Muslims to launch rebellion against the Umayyad dynasty; founded the Abbasid dynasty a. Abu al-Abbas b. Abd al-Rahman c. al-Mansur d. al-Mustasim What one word describes the overarching efforts of the Byzantines during the seventh and eighth centuries? Survival During this Period of Survival, Byzantium's heartland had been defined. What was it? Anatolia and the Balkans with much of Sicily and some holdings in Italy Who was the eleventh century Persian theologian and Sufi who argued that Greek philosophy and human reasoning were vain pursuits that would inevitably lead to confusion rather than understanding, and that only through devotion to Allah and guidance from the Quran could human beings begin to appreciate the uniqueness and power of Allah. al-Ghazali Who demanded gold, black pepper and farm land before the walls of Rome? Attila the Hun Alaric Theodosius Robert Guiscard Minarets What are the six tall structures surrounding this mosque called? Which of the following is NOT correct? a. Muslims must acknowledge Allah as the only God and Mohammad as his prophet. b. Muslims must observe a fast during the daylight hours during the month of Ramadan c. Muslims must contribute alms or the jizya for the relief of the poor d. Muslims must, if financially and physically possible, must make the hajj and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca to honor Mohammed. What did the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II accomplish? He conquered Sicily and Greece He defeated Tamerlane He won the Battle of Manzikert He conquered Constantinople What city did the Fourth Crusade sack? Constantinople In what year? 1204 Who crushed the Ottomans in 1405? Tamerlane What did that mean for Byzantium? It gave Byzantium another fifty years of life He was renowned in both the Muslim and Christian worlds for his leadership and military prowess tempered by his chivalry and merciful nature. In 1171, he ended Fatimid power; in 1187, he reconquered Jerusalem; he later held the city against the attacks of the Third Crusade, but agreed to a treaty whereby unarmed Christian pilgrims were given access to the holy city a. Ibn Rushd b. al-Ghazali c. Saladin d. Harun al-Rashid The Shia believed that a.the Umayyad dynasty were the only legitimate rulers. b.the caliphate should follow the line of Ali. c. that Allah was the main, but not necessarily, the only god. d.leadership in the Islamic world could fall to any true believer. This now famous church was once a mosque. In what country is it located? a. Greece b. Italy c. Spain d. France Which of the following statements are not correct? Nestorianism rejected the divinity of Jesus Xof Nazareth. The Byzantine Senate was advisory only A Solidus was sometimes called a Bezant Women had greater freedom in Byzantium Xthan in Rome He was Justinian’s’ brilliant general who launched military campaigns to reconquer the West and by 533 had brought Italy, Sicily, northwestern Africa, and southern Spain under control of the Byzantine Empire. a.Constantine b.Heraclius c. Symeon d.Belesarius Whom does this describe? Their emphasis was emotional and mystical. They stressed that the human intellect was too weak to truly understand Allah and that more heartfelt devotion was needed. They did not demand converts become doctrinally pure Muslims and allowed the converts to continue to follow their pre-Islamic religious customs. a. Umayyads b. Abbasids c. Sufis d. Fatamids The Quran a. is the holy book of Islam. b. were the priests who watched over the Ka'ba. c. was Muhammad's journey to Yathrib. d. is the law code of Islam. Who described the Byzantine emperor as, “a monstrosity of a man, a dwarf, fat headed, and with tiny mole’s eyes” and Constantinople as sleazy and dirty? Liutprand, the Bishop of Cremona Who came to Muhammad and told him that there was only one true God (Allah) and that Allah would soon bring judgment on the world.? The Archangel Gabriel Justinian's most important and long-lasting political achievement was his reconquest of the western half of the Roman empire. his democratic reforms. his attempts to find a compromise between the Monophysites and the Orthodox religious parties. his codification of Roman law. He was a famous caliph whose reign (786-808 C.E.) brought the Abbasid dynasty to its high point; he was known for his support of artists and writers, lavish living, and luxurious gifts; his death led to civil war over succession between his sons seriously damaging Abbasid authority. a. Ibn Rushd b. al-Ghazali c. Saladin d. Harun al-Rashid The Battle of Tours. What details shows that this is a Western version of the Battle? Innocent mother and child, center; the cross, upper left; facial features: bold vs monstrous; terrified woman, upper right ss Julius Köckert's painting of Harun al-Rashid receiving the delegation of Charlemagne (painted in 1864). Is it more favorable to Islam? How? Now the Islamic women are frightened; Harun al-Rashid is seen as a civilized ruler; Western knights have a barbarian feeling about them. What theology emphasized the divinity of Jesus at the expense of his humanity? Arianism Monophysitism Nestorianism Iconoclasm Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in a.410 CE b.711 CE c.1204 CE d.1453 CE In what year did Muslim armies conquer the Hindu Kingdom of Sind and invade Spain from North Africa? a. 410 CE b.711 CE c. 1204 CE d.1453 CE What were Wazirs? a.Judges b.Governors c.Teachers d.Poets Historians use the term Caesaropapism to refer to a. the European struggle between church and state. b. the split between the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches. c. the attempt by later Roman emperors to abolish the papacy. d. the system where the emperor had a mixture of political and religious authority. Why is the Abbasid Age considered a Golden Age? a. It is marked by the rule of the “golden” monarch, al-Ghazali. b. It used a golden calf as a symbol of unity c. It used gold as the standard coinage throughout the empire d. It created a higly cultured and refined society in Baghdad Which of the following statements about Constantinople is not true? a. it was built in an attempt to vitalize the impoverished eastern half of the Roman empire. b. it was constructed by Constantine. c. it allowed the imperial court to keep watch on the Sassanid empire in Persia. d. it was built because the eastern half of the empire was the wealthier and more productive part of the empire. The Abbasid dynasty differed from the Umayyad dynasty in that a.it was not a conquering dynasty. b.it was much less cosmopolitan than its predecessor. c. it conquered a much larger territory than its predecessor. d.it stressed the Shia sect of Islam. Who was the Seal of the Prophets? a.Jesus of Nazareth b.Muhammad c. Ali d.Saint Simon Stylites What do cotton, eggplant, paper, rice, watermelons and coconuts have in common with the Dar al Islam? They were all new crops and industries that were introduced into Islamic lands What was tacking? What did it allow ships to accomplish? Tacking is moving at an angle against prevailing winds which allows a ship move into the direction of a forward wind. What was the Umma? a.Islamic Law b.Muhammad’s tight knit community c. Muhammad’s retreat in 622 d.Another name for the Hajj What civilization produced this mosaic? a. Roman b. Greek c. Byzantine d. Celtic Which of the following statements are not correct? Iconoclasm and Islam both take the second Commandment literally. al-Ghazali (1058-1111), was a Persian Sufi, mystic and theologian XSufis wee doctrinally pure Muslims The Third Crusade led to the founding of X the Kingdom of Jerusalem [It was the 1st] From what country did Arabic numerals originate? a.Arabia b.Iraq c. Iran d.India Which Christian heresy taught that Christ had one will and so therefore could have two natures perfectly joined? Monotheletism The ideas papal supremacy or the use of leavened or unleavened bread in the Eucharist, or whether or not priests wore beards, or what calendar was used to fix the date of Easter led to what East-West rupture in the Church? The Great Schism of 1054 Who wrote the following? "A Book of Verses underneath the Bough, A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread--and Thou Beside me singing in the Wilderness-Oh, Wilderness were Paradise enow!" Averroes al-Ghazali Omar Khayyam Abul-Abbas In what book did Omar Khayyam write these verses? The Rubaiyat Who was the founder of organized Byzantine monastic communities which adopted his idea of a single rule of life? Saint Basil of Caesarea Who were the Fatamids who weakened the Abbasid Caliphate? What did they conquer? The Fatamids believed that they were the descendants of Fatima, the daughter of Muhammad and wife of Ali. In the early tenth century, they established an empire, which included Egypt, North Africa, Sicily and Syria. What city did they found? Cairo in Egypt Which of the following two statements best describe the advantages of the Byzantine Empire? X The skill of their diplomats The enormous size of their armies Their cultural superiority X Constantinople’s strategic position Which of the following statements best describes the work of the wife of Justinian, the Empress Theodora? She restored the sacred Icons She murdered Justinian and took his throne She founded hospitals for women She invented the Cyrillic Alphabet Who was the successor of Abu al-Abbas who moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad where his court soon became a center for the study of Islam? Mu’awiya Malik Ibn Anas al-Mansur Nur al-Din What does this old manuscript depict? Greek Fire, a mixture of sulfur, lime and petroleum which twice destroyed Arab fleets and saved Constantinople. Whom did Muhammad identify as the first Muslim and the builder of the Ka’ba? Abraham Why is the year 622 C. E. important? 622 was the year in which Muhammad made his tactical retreat from Mecca to Hijra Medina which was called the __________ and marked the starting point of the Islamic Calendar Which of the following statements best describes the work of the Empress Irene at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 C. E.? She restored the sacred Icons She murdered Justinian and took his throne She founded hospitals for women She invented the Cyrillic Alphabet Who destroyed the Qanat watering system in Iran because of their nomadic heritage? The Seljuk Turks Who were the Buyids? They were Persians from Northern Iran who, in 945 C. E., seized the Abbasid Caliphate and ruled from behind the Caliph as a mere scenes keeping the ________ figurehead. Who was the last Abbasid caliph, whom the Mongols had wrapped in a rug and trampled to death with their horses in 1158? Mu’awiya Abu al-Abbas al-Mustasim Saladin Which of the following statements best describes the Byzantine Empire? Only the elites were serious about religion Basic literacy was widespread Their farming methods were the best in the world Byzantium lacked a strong banking system Who was a twelfth century Muslim philosopher (1126-1198), known in the west as Averroes. He was called the Shârih _________ [or Commentator] because of his explanations of Aristotle. He sought to articulate a purely rational understanding of the world; had profound influence on the development of European scholasticism during the 13th century? Ibn Rushd What was his other name? Averroes Who were the slave soldiers that, having converted to Islam and recruited by the Abbasid caliphs in the ninth century, became over time a powerful military caste? Fatamids Madrasas Buyids Mamlukes Who was the one Umayyad prince, who escaped the Abbasid massacres and became the Emir of Cordova in Spain? Harun al-Rashid al-Mansur Abd al-Rahman Nur al-Din Who defeated the Sassanids and returned the true cross to Jerusalem? Basil II Julian Heraclius Belisarius What type of boat is pictured on this stamp? a Junk a. Dhow a Frigate a Caravel