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Chapter 56 - Community Ecology 1) Community- a group of different species living in one area. 2) Species richness (Biodiversity) - The number of species in a community Increases near equator 3) Relative abundance - population of a given species in a specific size ecosystem Compares the percent of each species EX. Percent of mallards in pond compared to total bird population 4) species diversity - Relates the number of species to the “relative abundance” of each 5) Species area affect - Larger areas usually contain more species than smaller ones Evident on islands 6) Individualistic concept - Community is made of nothing more than different species that happen to be living in same area 7) Holistic concept (interactive concept) - Communities are an integrated unit that depend on each other for survival. “super organism” 8) Keystone species - A species that has great influence on other species in ecosystem. Ex. Sea stars 9) Trophic cascade – There is a ripple effect from one eating level to another. Orcas increase otters decease Urchins increase Kelp decreases 10) Wolf aspen trophic cascade – 11) Community stability - Resistance to change Biodiversity increases stability 56.2 Ecological Niche Concept 12) Niche - The role an organism fills in its community 13) Niche is determined by: 14) Great horned owl and red tailed hawk have different niches – Both eat small rodents Both live in same area BUT owls hunt _______________ hawks hunt ___________ 15) Fundamental niche - Potential niche – without any competition 16) Realized niche - The part they actually use due to competition. Usually smaller 17) Competition exclusion - One Species is eliminated from a community because of limited resources. Cannot occupy same niche 18) Resource partitioning - When several similar species subdivide a niche for resources Ex. 5 different warbler species eating different areas of a tree 19) Character displacement - One Phenotype is selected because of competition Ex anoles. on same island there are populations that eat different things and occupy different niches, Character displacement can lead to different selection models 56.3 and 56.4 Symbioses- Animal Interactions 20) Food chain – 21) Food web – 22) Trophic levels = eating level A) Herbivore – B) CarnivoreC) Omnivore – D) Scavenger – 23) Predation- (_________) Predator captures and kills prey 24) Predator adaptations – camouflage, sharp teeth, web, infrared sensors, etc 25) Prey adaptations a. Camouflage b. Aposematic – Advertise poison or impalatability by coloration c. Batesian mimicry - A normal species mimics a poisonous one d. Mullerian mimicry - More than one unpalatable /poisonous species resemble each other e. Plant/herbivore interactions – 26) Parasitism- (_________) -Like very slow predation. A parasite will feed on a host but does not result in immediate death 1. Endoparasites – Ex. Tape worm, Bacteria, Liver fluke 2. Ectoparasites – Ex. Ticks, Leeches, Lampreys, mosquitoes 27) Mutualism-(_________) A cooperative relationship where both species benefit Ex. Acacia trees and fire ants. Acacia trees have thorns that secrete nectar. Ants protect and defend plant from animals that would eat it Ex. Pollinators. – Insects, Birds and others 28) Commensalism-(_________) Benefits one species with little or no effect on the other Ex. Birds follow army ants to find food Ex. Cape buffalo - stirs up the insects and the egrets can then feed on them 29) Competition-(__________) See 56.2 Only one organism will win right to mate 30) Competition exclusion - One Species is eliminated from a community because of limited resources. Both cannot occupy same niche 56.5 Ecological Succession 1. Succession -. 2. Primary succession - The development of a community in an area that has not supported life previously. 3. Primary succession occurs on: bare rock, After volcanic eruptions, sand dunes Very SLOW – few minerals available can take 100s of years 4. Stages of primary succession: lichens ______________ _______________ ______________ _________________ 1) Lichens – mutualism between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. Fungi protect, algae provides food by photosynthesis. Acids from Lichens turn rock to soil (chemical weathering). Lichens eventually die and become part of soil 2) Mosses – Need a little soil. Can also grow on dirty rock 3) Grasses – Need thin layer of soil 4) Shrubs – Need thick layer of soil 5) Trees – Need established thick soil layer 5. Secondary succession- Occurs when an existing community has been cleared such as forest fire, land slide, hurricane 6. Climax community – Stable end of succession. High bio diversity. High relative abundance 7. Eutrophication – “good eating” -The slow process of a lake ecosystem dying due to over growth of algae which kills other plants beneath and then the fish and animal life