Download Scientech 2138A AT Manual

12 Lead ECG Simulator
Scientech 2352A
Product Tutorial
Ver. 1.1
Designed & Manufactured byAn ISO 9001:2008 company
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
94, Electronic Complex, Pardesipura, Indore - 452 010 India,
+ 91-731 4211100, : [email protected] , : www.ScientechWolrd.com
Scientech 2352A
12 Lead ECG Simulator
Scientech 2352A
Table of Contents
Safety Instructions
4
Introduction
5
Features
6
Technical Specifications
7
Controls and Indicators
8
Human Cardiovascular System
9
Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
13
Standards of ECG Leads Configuration used for measurement
14
Operating Instructions
24
All Standard ECG Lead Diagrams
25
Experiments
•
Experiment 1
Study of Lead I of Standard Bipolar Lead Configuration
27
•
Experiment 2
Study of Lead II of Standard Bipolar Lead Configuration
28
•
Experiment 3
Study of Lead III of Standard Bipolar Lead Configuration
29
•
Experiment 4
Study of avR Lead of Standard Augmented Uni-polar Lead
Configuration
30
•
Experiment 5
Study of avL Lead of Standard Augmented Uni-polar Lead
Configuration
32
•
Experiment 6
Study of avF Lead of Standard Augmented Uni-polar Lead
Configuration
34
•
Experiment 7
Study of Chest Lead V1 of Standard Uni-polar Lead
Configuration
36
•
Experiment 8
Study of Chest Lead V2 of Standard Uni-polar Lead
Configuration
38
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•
Experiment 9
Study of Chest Lead V3 of Standard Uni-polar Lead
Configuration
40
•
Experiment 10
Study of Chest Lead V4 of Standard Uni-polar Lead
Configuration
42
•
Experiment 11
Study of Chest Lead V5 of Standard Uni-polar Lead
Configuration
44
•
Experiment 12
Study of Chest Lead V6 of Standard Uni-polar Lead
Configuration
46
•
Experiment 13
Study of all the standard ECG Lead (12 Leads) Unipolar and
Bipolar Configuration simultaneously
48
•
Experiment 14
49
Study of measurement of normal Heart-Rate using 12 Lead
ECG Simulator Scientech 2352A and ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor
Scientech 2351
•
Experiment 15
Study of abnormalities (Tachycardia, Bradycardia) present in
Human cardiovascular system using ECG simulator Scientech 2352
51
Frequently asked questions
53
Glossary
60
Warranty
61
List of Accessories
61
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Scientech 2352A
Safety Instructions
Read the following safety instructions carefully before operating the product.
To avoid any personal injury, or damage to the product, or any products connected to
it;
Do not operate the instrument if you suspect any damage within.
The instrument should be serviced by qualified personnel only.
For your Safety:
Use proper Mains cord
: Use only the mains cord designed for this product.
Ensure that the mains cord is suitable for your
country.
Ground the Instrument
: This product is grounded through the protective earth
conductor of the mains cord. To avoid electric shock
the grounding conductor must be connected to the
earth ground. Before making connections to the input
terminals, ensure that the instrument is properly
grounded.
Observe Terminal Ratings : To avoid fire or shock hazards, observe all ratings and
marks on the instrument.
Use only the proper Fuse
: Use the fuse type and rating specified for this product.
Use in proper Atmosphere : Please refer to operating conditions given in the
manual.
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●
Do not operate in wet / damp conditions.
●
Do not operate in an explosive atmosphere.
●
Keep the product dust free, clean and dry.
4
Scientech 2352A
Introduction
An Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG, abbreviated from the German
Elektrokardiogramm) is a graphical representation of an electrocardiograph, which
records the electrical activity of the heart over time. Analysis of the various waves
and normal vectors of depolarization and repolarization yields important diagnostic
information.
•
It is the gold standard for the diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias
•
It guides therapy and risk stratification for patients with suspected acute
myocardial infarction
•
It helps detect electrolyte disturbances (e.g. hyperkalemia and hypokalemia)
•
It allows for the detection of conduction abnormalities (e.g. right and left bundle
branch block)
12 Lead ECG Simulator Scientech 2352A provides a quick, accurate measurement
of all 12 Leads including both Unipolar and Bipolar Configurations for verifying the
performance of real time ECG monitoring, Heart-rate Monitoring. Scientech 2352A
illustrates the fundamentals of standard limbs (unipolar and bipolar) and chest Leads
interpretation and rhythm recognition in an easy-to-use, ECG rhythms produced by
Scientech 2352A can be changed in specific boundaries (Heart rate, Amplitude).
Scientech 2352A also demonstrates ECG observation comprising P, Q, R, S, T, U (U
wave is only for Lead II) waves in different Leads arrangements. This TechBook is
compatible with ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351 which receives the
ECG signals generated by Scientech 2352A and measures the heart-rate as number of
heartbeats per minute. The abnormalities occurring in human cardiovascular system
like Tachycardia (faster Heart-rate) and Bradycardia (slower Heart-rate) can also be
studied.
Scientech 2352A is also capable to illustrate all the 12 Leads of ECG simultaneously
at a single point, using this point you can observe all waveforms one by one which
helps you to understand ECG graph interpretations.
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Scientech 2352A
Features
•
Provides amplified ECG output with P, Q, R, S, T, U waves
•
Compatible with ECG cum Heart rate Monitor Scientech 2351
•
Provides in-depth study of Standard Unipolar and Bipolar Leads
Configuration for ECG measurement Variable Heart-rate generation from
30-300 heartbeats/minute
•
Variable ECG amplitude 200mV – 4V DC
•
Every Systole indication by LED (visible) and audible (Buzzer) sound
controls
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Technical Specifications
Generating Range
:
30-300 heart beats/minute
ECG Amplitude Range :
200mV- 4V DC
Heartbeat Indication
:
Both visible (LED) and Audible (Buzzer) controls
Bipolar Leads
:
Lead I, Lead II, Lead III
Unipolar Leads
:
avR, avL, avF, Chest Leads (V1-V6) Separate output
channels Left Arm (LA), Right Arm (RA), Left Leg
(LL), Right Leg (RL) and Chest Leads (V1-V6) for
representing Standards Limbs and chest Leads
Configurations. A separate point indicated as (12 Lead)
is given to observe the 12 Lead standard ECG
waveforms simultaneously.
Test Point
:
1 no. (Gold Plated)
Power Supply
:
110 -260V AC, 50Hz/60Hz
Dimensions (mm)
:
W 326 x D 252 x H 52
Weight
:
1 5Kg (approx.)
Operating Condition
:
0-400 C, 85% RH
Product Tutorial
:
Online (Theory, procedure, reference results, etc).
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Figure 1
Controls and Indicators
•
Power On/Off:
Rocker switch for supplying power to the instrument
•
On-board buzzer:
Audio indication for each heartbeat event executed by heart of human body
•
On-board LED:
Visible indication for each systole of human body
•
ECG Amplitude adjust:
Control used to adjust the amplitude of generated ECG wave 200mv - 4Vpp
•
ECG Pulse-rate Adjust:
Control used to adjust the rate of generated ECG wave from 30 - 300 bpm
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Human Cardio-Vascular System
The Anatomy of the Human Heart:
The heart is basically a hollow muscular pump, which pushes the blood through out
the body via the blood vessels. It is located between the lungs and slightly to the left
of centre. The heart is an involuntary muscle that has approximately seventy to ninety
contractions per minute during a restful state. It begins to pump early in the life of a
fetus and will continue unceasingly until death.
Heart walls:
The heart walls are divided into three layers:
•
Pericardium
•
Myocardium
•
Endocardium
Heart chambers:
The heart is divided by a partition or septum into two halves. The halves are in turn
divided into chambers. The upper two chambers of the heart are called Atria and the
lower two chambers are called Ventricles. Valves allow blood to flow in one direction
between the chambers of the heart.
The heart has four distinct chambers:
●
Right Atrium is the thin-walled area that receives the venous or "used" blood
returning to the body by the veins.
●
Right Ventricle is the "pump" area of the heart's right side. The atrium dumps
the blood into the ventricle where it is then pumped out the pulmonary arteries
and to the lungs.
●
Left Atrium receives the oxygenated blood returning from the lungs.
●
Left Ventricle has the thickest walls of all. It is from this chamber the blood is
pumped out of the heart, into the aorta and out to the rest of the body.
Heart valves:
●
Tricuspid valve is the one located at the entrance of the right ventricle. It
prevents the blood from washing back into the right atrium.
●
Pulmonary Semilunar valve is located between the right ventricle and the
pulmonary artery.
●
Mitral valve is made of very heavy cusps and is located at the entrance of the
left ventricle. This is a powerful valve that closes as the left ventricle begins
each of its contractions to ensure the oxygenated blood does not re-enter the left
atrium.
●
Aortic valve is located, as its name would imply, between the left ventricle's exit
and the aorta itself.
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Even though the heart is split up into two distinct halves, these two must work
together to function properly.
Human Heart
Figure 2
Heart as a pump:
Blood from the body that enters the right side of the heart contains carbon dioxide, a
gaseous waste the cells produce in creating energy. Blood enters the right atrium
through the Superior vena cava and Inferior vena cava. The atrium fills with blood
and then contracts, squeezing the blood through the tricuspid valve into the right
ventricle. After the ventricle is filled, pressure forces the tricuspid valve to close and
the pulmonic valve, leading to the pulmonary artery, to open. The ventricle contracts
and the blood gush through the pulmonary artery and into the lungs. In the lungs,
carbon dioxide is removed from the blood and oxygen is added. The oxygenated
blood then flows through the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart.
Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters and fills the left atrium. The atrium then
contracts, which squeezes the blood through the Mitral valve into the left ventricle.
After blood fills the ventricle, the Mitral valve closes and the Aortic valve opens.
Blood pours into the aorta and flows through arteries to the body tissues.
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Heart as a Pump
Figure 3
Both sides of the heart pump blood at the same time. As the right ventricle contracts
and sends blood to the lungs, the left ventricle contracts and squeezes blood out to the
body. The heart's cycle of activity has two periods, systole and diastole. Systole
occurs when the ventricles contract, and diastole when they relax. One complete
contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle makes up one heartbeat.
The heart-rate is a rate at which the heart beats per minute.
The Heart's Conduction System:
There are four basic components to the heart's conduction system.
●
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
●
Inter-nodal fibre bundles
●
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
●
Atrioventricular bundle
At the right top corner of the heart there is a special group of excitable cells, called
Natural Pacemaker or Sinoatrial Node. This natural pacemaker generates electrical
impulses spontaneously. At the lower part of the right atrium there is another mass of
specialized group of cells called Atrioventriculer Node. From the atrioventriculer
node a bundle of conducting fibers called Bundle of His, passes down to
interventriculer septum.
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A natural pacemaker generates electrical impulses at regular rate. To initiate the
heartbeat the action potentials generated by the natural pacemaker or S.A. node gets
propagated in all directions along the surface of both atria and atrioventricular node.
This spreads through out the right and left atrium, their wall tissues and results into
contraction of atria. Now the waveform reaches to the A.V. node through special
nerve fibers which provide the delay in propagation so as to have proper timing
between the pumping action of atrium and ventricles. During the delay time the atria
completes their contraction forcing blood into ventricles in order to complete their
filling. At this point A.V. node initiates an impulse that gets propagated into the
ventricles throughout bundles of his then into left and right bundle branch and further
into purkenje fibres causing contraction of both the ventricles and forcing blood into
lungs and the whole body. During the contraction of ventricles the atria complete their
filling and to initiate the next heart beat a pacemaker generates another electrical
impulse.
With the natural pacemaker providing the impulse, the rate of contraction of the heart
is maintains and controlled. Normally this action occurs for 60-100 times in a minute,
when additional blood is required, the flow must be increased. This is achieved by
generating the impulse at faster rate by natural pacemaker.
Heart Conduction System
Figure 4
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Electrocardiogram (ECG / EKG)
As the heart undergoes depolarization and repolarization, the electrical currents that
are generated and spread not only within the heart, but also through out the body. This
electrical activity generated by the heart can be measured by an array of electrodes
placed on the body surface. The recorded tracing is called an Electrocardiogram (ECG
or EKG). A "typical" ECG tracing is shown below. The different waves that comprise
the ECG represent the sequence of depolarization and repolarization of the atria and
ventricles.
The P wave represents the wave of depolarization that spreads from the SA node
throughout the atria, and is usually 0.08 to 0.1 seconds (80-100 ms) in duration.
Standard ECG Wave
Figure 5
The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization. The duration of the QRS
complex is normally 0.06 to 0.1 seconds. This relatively short duration indicates that
ventricular depolarization normally occurs very rapidly.
The T wave represents ventricular repolarization and is longer in duration than
depolarization (i.e., conduction of the repolarization wave is slower than the wave of
depolarization).
Typically the total time required for one complete cycle of the heart electrical activity
ranges from approximately 0.4 to 0.6 second while 0.8 seconds is the standard value
of one complete heart cycle. The remaining 0.2 second is either including U wave or
not.
This U wave represents the state of heart when all four chambers of heart receive the
blood generally this wave is not present in the normal ECG graph.
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A healthy ECG shows a normal sinus rhythm. This is when each depolarization of the
cardiac conduction system creates a P wave, followed by a QRS complex, followed
by a T wave. During a normal sinus rhythm, the atria are contracting first (around the
time of the P wave), and the ventricles contract second (around the time of the QRS
complex). Ventricular relaxation occurs around the time of the T wave.
The Heart-rate is a rate at which the heart beats per minute. It is controlled by the
frequency at which the natural pacemaker generates electrical pulses. However
cardiac and vagus nerves of the sympathetic systems and parasympathetic systems
causes the heart-rate to increase or decrease respectively according to body
requirements. When measured using heart-sounds or ECG it is called heart-rate.
A person's physiological size largely determines a person's resting heart rate. The
bigger a person is, the slower the heart rate. A newborn baby's heart beats about 120
times per minute. The typical rate for adults is 72 beats per minute. But doctors
consider resting rates from 60 to 100 beats per minute within the normal range
(normal sinus rhythm).
A slower rate than normal sinus rhythm this is called Bradycardia
A higher rate than normal sinus rhythm this is called Tachycardia
Standards of ECG Leads Configuration used for measurement
The voltage generated by the pumping action of the heart is actually a vector whose
magnitude, as well as spatial orientation, changes with time. Because the ECG signal
is measured from electrodes applied to the surface of the body, the waveform of this
signal is very dependent on the placement of electrodes.
To record the ECG pattern of a subject (human body) it is necessary to apply ECG
metal electrodes to the patient's limbs in special formats called Leads, on each Arm
and Leg, and six electrodes are placed at defined locations on the chest. These
electrode Leads are connected to a device that measures potential differences between
selected electrodes to produce the characteristic electro-cardio-graphic tracings.
•
Limb Leads (Bipolar)
•
Augmented Limb Leads (Unipolar)
•
Chest Leads (Unipolar)
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Limb Leads (Bipolar):
Sr. No.
Lead name
1.
Electrode location and polarity
Positive (Yellow)
Negative (Red)
Ref. (Black)
I
Left Arm
Right Arm
Right Leg
2.
II
Left Leg
Right Arm
Right Leg
3.
III
Left Leg
Left Arm
Right Leg
Lead Limb
Limb Lead (Bipolar) Configuration
Figure 6
Augmented Limb Leads (Unipolar):
Electrode location and polarity
Sr. No.
Lead name
1.
Negative (Red)
Positive (Yellow)at
Central terminal of
Ref.(Black)
avR
RA
LA+LL
Right Leg
2.
avL
LA
RA+LL
Right Leg
3.
avF
LL
LA+RA
Right Leg
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Augmented Limb Leads
Limb Lead (Unipolar) Configuration
Figure 7
Chest Leads (Unipolar):
The chest ECG Leads are considered as the precordial, unipolar chest Leads. There
are six positive electrodes placed on the surface of the chest over the heart in order to
record electrical activity in a plane perpendicular to the frontal plane (see Figure 8).
These six Leads are named V1–V6. The rules of interpretation are the same as for the
limb Leads. For example, a wave of depolarization travelling towards a ventricular
electrode on the chest surface will elicit a positive deflection. In chest Leads positive
electrode (yellow) placed on chest, negative electrode(Red) is placed on central
terminal of Left Arm , Right Arm, Left Leg (in Scientech 2352A negative electrode is
open) and reference Electrode(Black) is placed on Right Leg of subject(Human body).
Position of electrode for pericardial Leads:
V1: Right sternal margin at 4th intercostal space (ICS)
V2: Left sternal margin at 4th ICS
V4: Intersection of 5th ICS and left mid-clavicular line
V3: midway between V2 and V4
V5: Intersection of left anterior axillary line with a horizontal line through V4
V6: Intersection of left mid-axillary line with a horizontal line through V4 and V5
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Chest Lead electrode placement Configuration
Figure 8
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Precordial Leads
Chest Lead (Unipolar) Configuration
Figure 9
Electrode location and polarity
Sr. No. Lead name
Positive (Yellow)
Negative (Red)
Ref. (Black)
1.
V1
V1(Ch1)
Not connected
Right Leg
2.
V2
V2(Ch2)
Not connected
Right Leg
3.
V3
V3(Ch3)
Not connected
Right Leg
4.
V4
V4(Ch4)
Not connected
Right Leg
5.
V5
V5(Ch5)
Not connected
Right Leg
6.
V6
V6(Ch6)
Not connected
Right Leg
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Unipolar Chest Leads Configurations with wave shapes
Figure 10
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Einthoven Triangle:
For defining the bipolar Leads Einthoven postulated that at any given state of the
cardiac cycle electrical axis of the heart can be represented as a two dimensional
vector, he proposed that the electric field of the heart could be represented by
diagrammatically as a triangle. With the heart ideally located at the centre. The side
of the triangle represent the line along which the three projection of the ECG vector
are measured. It was shown that the instantaneous voltage measured from any of the
limb Lead position is approximately equal to the algebraic sum of the other two or
that the vector sum of the projections on all three lines is equal to zero.
Einthoven Triangle for defining ECG Leads
Figure 11
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Colour Codes for ECG Measurement:
There are different colours codes are used for the measurement for ECG in different
Nations as mentions in the table. Generally India uses the colour code of USA for
measurement of Standard Unipolar and Bipolar Leads of ECG.
Monitoring cable connections
Europe
Connect to
U.S.A.
Red
Right Arm
White
Yellow
Left Arm
Black
Green
Left Leg
Red
Black
Right Leg
Brown
Individual chest Leads
White / Red
C1 / V1
Brown / Red
White / Yellow
C2 / V2
Brown / Yellow
White / Green
C3 / V3
Brown / Green
White / Brown
C4 / V4
Brown / Blue
White / Black
C5 / V5
Brown / Orange
White / Violet
C6 / V6
Brown / Purple
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Correlation between number of wires and Leads of ECG
•
A 3 wire cable (red, yellow, green) or (red, yellow, black) can only give you a
choice of limb Leads.
•
A 4 wire cable (red, yellow, green, black) can only give you a choice of limb
Leads.
•
A 5 wire cable (red, yellow, green, black, white) will give you limb Leads plus a
chest Lead (using the white wire - usually placed in the V1 position).
•
A 10 wire cable is for recording a 12 Lead ECG.
It is important to remember that the 12-Lead ECG provides spatial information about
the heart's electrical activity in 3 approximately orthogonal directions:
Right
Left
Superior
Inferior
Anterior
Posterior
Each of the 12 Leads represents a particular orientation in space, as indicated below
(RA = right Arm; LA = left Arm, LF = left foot, RF = right foot) :
•
•
•
Bipolar limb Leads (frontal plane) :
Lead I
:
RA (-) to LA (+)
(Right Left, or lateral)
Lead II
:
RA (-) to LF (+)
(Superior Inferior)
Lead III
:
LA (-) to LF (+)
(Superior Inferior)
Augmented unipolar limb Leads (frontal plane) :
Lead avR
:
RA (+) to [LA & LF] (-) (Rightward)
Lead avL
:
LA (+) to [RA & LF] (-) (Leftward)
Lead avF
:
LF (+) to [RA & LA] (-) (Inferior)
Unipolar (+) chest Leads (horizontal plane) :
Leads V1, V2 and V3
:
(Posterior Anterior)
Leads V4, V5 and V6
:
(Right Left or Lateral)
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Electrical Axis of Heart:
The heart's electrical axis refers to the general direction of the heart's depolarization
wavefront (or mean electrical vector) in the frontal plane. It is usually oriented in a
right shoulder to left Leg direction, which corresponds to the left inferior quadrant of
the hexaxial reference system, although -30o to +90o is considered to be normal.
•
Left axis deviation: (-30o to -90o) may indicate left anterior fascicular block or
Q waves from inferior myocardial infraction.
•
Right axis deviation: (+90o to +180o) may indicate left posterior fascicular
block, Q waves from high lateral myocardial infraction or a right ventricular
strain pattern.
ECG Electrical axises
Figure 12
Polarity of the QRS complex
Figure 13
Diagram showing how the polarity of the QRS complex in Leads I, II, and III can be
used to estimate the heart's electrical axis in the frontal plane.
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The Mean Electrical Axis:
The mean electrical axis will be the sum of all of the mean electrical vectors. The
mean electrical axis corresponds to the axis that is perpendicular to the Lead axis that
has the smallest net QRS amplitude (net amplitude = positive minus negative
deflection voltages of QRS complex
To determine the mean electrical axis from the ECG, find the Lead axis that has a
biphasic (equally positive and negative QRS deflections - i.e, no net deflection),
then find the Lead axis that is perpendicular (90º) to the biphasic Lead and that has
a positive net deflection. In the six limb Leads in the example below, aVL is
biphasic. The positive perpendicular axis to aVL is +60º. Therefore, the mean
electrical axis is +60º, which is normal.
Normal electrical axis of heart
Figure 14
Determination of Electrical Axis of the Heart:
The concept of the electric axis of the heart usually denotes the average direction of
the electric activity throughout ventricular (or sometimes atrial) activation. The term
mean vector is frequently used instead of "electric axis." The direction of the electric
axis may also denote the instantaneous direction of the electric heart vector.
The normal range of the electric axis lies between +30° and -110° in the frontal plane
and between +30° and -30° in the transverse plane. The direction of the electric axis
may be approximated from the 12-Lead ECG by finding the Lead in the frontal plane,
where the QRS-complex has largest positive deflection. The direction of the electric
axis is in the direction of this Lead vector. The result can be checked by observing
that the QRS-complex is symmetrically biphasic in the Lead that is normal to the
electric axis.
Deviation of the electric axis to the right is an indication of increased electric activity
in the right ventricle due to increased right ventricular mass. This is usually a
consequence of chronic obstructive lung disease, pulmonary emboli, certain types of
congenital heart disease, or other disorders causing severe pulmonary hypertension
and corpulmonale.
Deviation of the electric axis to the left is an indication of increased electric activity in
the left ventricle due to increased left ventricular mass. This is usually a consequence
of hypertension, aortic stenosis, ischemic heart disease, or some intraventricular
conduction defect.
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Operating Instructions
●
While studying different Leads Configuration, the connections should be correct
with respect to standard Leads Configuration so that correct waveform will be
observed on the positive electrode terminal of Scientech 2352A or tp3 of ECG
cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351.
●
Adjust the ECG amplitude so that each heartbeat event is detected in different
Leads Configuration with respect to threshold level on the ECG cum Heart Rate
Monitor Scientech 2351.
●
Amplitude level should be at maximum level when Scientech 2352A is
connected with the Scientech 2351 TechBook.
●
Switch (SW1) is only for audible Piezo Buzzer On /Off.
●
SW 2 should be ON for Lead I, II, III, avR, avL and avF measurements.
●
SW 2 should be OFF for all Chest Leads (V1-V6) measurements.
●
SW 3 should be ON for measurement of all 12 Leads standard simultaneously.
●
When measuring 12 Lead simultaneously it does not matter that SW2 is
ON/OFF (It may be in any position).
●
During measurement of 12 Lead simultaneously, by default simulator produces
each ECG waveform twice.
●
When Scientech 2352A is interfaced with the Scientech 2351 kit, the mode
selection toggle switch should be in Simulation Mode (SM)
●
Preamplifier and filter will not be in the function, when Scientech 2352A is
connected with Scientech 2351 because simulator output is already filtered and
amplified.
●
You can see all the waves of 12 Lead ECG using Scientech 2352A and
oscilloscope, interfacing of Scientech 2352A with the Scientech 2351 allowed
you to see all the waveforms and also measurement of abnormalities of the heart
like Bradycardia and Tachycardia.
●
All the experiments from 1 to 12 you can perform using Scientech 2352A and
Oscilloscope only but 13, 14 and 15 require Scientech 2351 kit.
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All Standard ECG Lead Diagrams
Figure 15
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Figure 16
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Experiment 1
Objective: Study of Lead I of standard Bipolar Lead Configuration.
Equipments needed:
●
ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351
●
12 Lead ECG Simulator Scientech 2352A.
●
2 mm Banana cable to 5 pin Din connector (ECG Lead cable).
●
Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
Procedure:
●
Connect one end of each power supply to the ECG Simulator Scientech 2352A
and ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351 while other end to mains
power supply.
●
Switch ‘On’ the mains power supply, then TechBooks.
●
Select Lead I by rotating the Lead selection switch.
●
Make the position of SW2 in ‘On’ position and SW3 in ‘Off’ position.
●
Now make connections as in Lead I of standard Bipolar Lead Configuration i.e.
positive electrode cable (Yellow) in Left Arm of subject, negative electrode
cable (Red) in Right Arm, and common (reference) electrode cable (Black) in
the Right Leg of subject, properly on 12 Lead ECG Simulator Scientech 2352A.
Observation:
●
Observe the ECG waveform in Lead I Configuration in oscilloscope at positive
electrode terminal of Scientech 2352A or on the Scientech 2351 (Adjust gain
and frequency if required).
●
Observe the each Systolic action of the Heart by LED indication.
●
Compare the Lead I wave shape with the standard Lead I wave shape given in
the manual (Figure 15).
Conclusion:
●
ECG waveform of Standard Lead I Configuration is observed in proper shape
and frequency which is previously adjusted by the pulse adjustment
Potentiometer.
●
The absence of Q wave is the indication of the standard Lead I Configuration of
the ECG (Sometime it is present, depending on the electrical axis of the Heart).
●
Amplitude and frequency of all other waves (P, R, S and T) are appearing, as in
standard Lead I Configuration of ECG.
Questions:
§
How the heart rate is controlled?
§
What is the heart rate for various human beings?
§
To measure the ECG signals where the electrodes are placed on human body?
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
28
Scientech 2352A
Experiment 2
Objective: Study of Lead II of standard Bipolar Lead Configuration.
Equipments needed:
●
ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351
●
12 Lead ECG simulator Scientech 2352A
●
2mm Banana to 5 pin Din connector (ECG Lead cable)
●
Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent
Procedure:
●
Connect one end of each power supply to the ECG Simulator Scientech 2352A
and ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351 while other end to mains
power supply.
●
Switch ‘On’ the mains power supply, then TechBooks.
●
Select Lead II by rotating the Lead selection switch.
●
Make the position of SW2 in ‘On’ position and SW3 in ‘Off’ position.
●
Now make connections as in Lead II of standard bipolar Leads Configuration
i.e. positive electrode cable (Yellow) in Left Leg of subject, negative electrode
cable (Red) in Right Arm, and common (reference) electrode cable (Black) in
the Right Leg of subject, properly on ECG Simulator Scientech 2352A
Observation:
●
Observe the ECG waveform in Lead II Configuration in the oscilloscope at
positive electrode terminal of Scientech 2352A or on the Scientech 2351
(Adjust gain and frequency if required).
●
Observe the each systolic action of the heart by LED indication.
●
Compare the Lead II wave shape with the standard Lead II wave shape given in
the manual (Figure 15).
Conclusion:
●
ECG waveform of Standard Lead II Configuration is observed in proper shape
and frequency which is previously adjusted by the pulse adjustment
Potentiometer.
●
The presence of all P, Q, R, S, T and U wave is the indication of the standard
Lead II Configuration of the ECG.
●
Amplitude and frequency of all waves (P, Q, R, S, T and U) are observed, as in
standard Lead II Configuration of ECG.
●
U wave is generally absent in all other Lead Configurations of ECG.
Questions:
§
What T wave represents?
§
How much time period is required to complete one cycle by the heart?
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
29
Scientech 2352A
Experiment 3
Objective: Study of Lead III of standard Bipolar Lead Configuration
Equipments needed:
●
ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351
●
12 Lead ECG Simulator Scientech 2352A
●
2 mm Banana to 5 pin Din connector (ECG Lead cable)
●
Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent
Procedure:
●
Connect one end of each power supply to the ECG Simulator Scientech 2352A
and ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351 while other end to mains
power supply.
●
Switch ‘On’ the mains power supply, then TechBooks.
●
Select Lead III by rotating the Lead selection switch
●
Make the position of SW2 in ‘On’ position and SW3 in ‘Off’ position.
●
Now make connections as in Lead III of standard bipolar Leads Configuration
i.e. positive electrode cable (Yellow) in Left Leg of subject, negative electrode
cable (Red)in Left Arm, and common (reference) electrode cable (Black) in the
Right Leg of subject, properly on ECG Simulator Scientech 2352.
Observation:
●
Observe the ECG. Waveform in Lead III Configuration in oscilloscope at
positive terminal of electrode of Scientech 2352A or on the Scientech 2351
(Adjust gain and frequency if required).
●
Observe the each systolic action of the heart by LED indication.
●
Compare the Lead III wave shape with the standard Lead III wave shape given
in the manual (Figure 15).
Conclusion:
●
ECG waveform of Standard Lead III Configuration is observed in proper shape
and frequency which is previously adjusted by the pulse adjustment
Potentiometer.
●
The presence of all P, Q, R, S and T wave is the indication of the standard Lead
III Configuration of the ECG.
●
The QRS complex has approximately same positive and negative amplitude is
the most common indication of Lead III bipolar Lead Configuration.
●
Amplitude and frequency of all waves (P, Q, R, S, T,) are observed, as in
standard Lead III Configuration of ECG.
Questions:
●
How many components heart conduction system have?
●
How the electrical activity of heart can be sensed?
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
30
Scientech 2352A
Experiment 4
Objective: Study of aVR Lead of standard Unipolar Leads Configuration.
Equipments needed:
●
ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351
●
12 Lead ECG simulator Scientech 2352A
●
2mm Banana to 5 pin Din Connector (ECG Lead cable)
●
Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent
Procedure:
●
Connect one end of each power supply to the ECG Simulator Scientech 2352A
and ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351 while other end to mains
power supply.
●
Switch ‘On’ the mains power supply, then TechBooks.
●
Select Lead aVR by rotating the Lead selection switch.
●
Make the position of SW2 in ‘On’ position and SW3 in ‘Off’ position.
●
Make connections as in aVR Lead of standard Augmented Unipolar limb Leads
Configuration.
} Connect negative electrode (Red) to the Right Arm of subject and positive
electrode (Yellow) to the junction point of the Left Arm and Left Leg of the
subject indicated by avR.
} Connect reference electrode (Black) to the Right Leg (RL) of the subject.
Observation:
●
Observe the aVR waveform of standard Augmented Unipolar limb Lead in
oscilloscope at positive electrode terminal of Scientech 2352A or on the
Scientech 2351 (Adjust gain and frequency if required).
●
Observe the each systolic action of the heart by LED indication.
●
Compare the Lead aVR wave shape with the standard Lead aVR wave shape
given in the manual (Figure 15).
Conclusion:
●
ECG waveform of Standard Lead aVR Configuration is observed in proper
shape and frequency which is previously adjusted by the pulse adjustment
Potentiometer.
●
The presence of inverted P, R and T wave is the indication of the standard Lead
aVR Configuration of the ECG.
●
The QRS complex has negative amplitude is the most common indication of
aVR unipolar Lead Configuration.
●
Amplitude and frequency of all waves (P, Q, R, S, T,) are observed, as in
standard Lead aVR Configuration of ECG.
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
31
Scientech 2352A
Questions:
●
What is PR-segment?
●
What is the duration of PR-segment?
●
What is the amplitude of Q wave?
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
32
Scientech 2352A
Experiment 5
Objective: Study of aVL Lead of standard unipolar limb Leads Configuration.
Equipments needed:
●
ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351
●
12 Lead ECG simulator Scientech 2352A
●
2mm Banana to 5 pin Din connector
●
Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
Procedure:
●
Connect one end of each power supply to the ECG Simulator Scientech 2352A
and ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351 while other end to mains
power supply.
●
Switch ‘On’ the mains power supply, then TechBooks.
●
Select Lead aVL by rotating the Lead selection switch.
●
Make the position of SW2 in ‘On’ position and SW3 in ‘Off’ position.
●
Make connections as in aVL of standard Augmented Unipolar Leads
Configuration.
}
Connect the negative electrode (Red) to the Left Arm and positive
electrode (Yellow) to the junction point of Right Arm and Left Leg
(indicated by avL) of subject.
}
Connect reference electrode (Black) to the Right Leg of subject.
Observation:
●
Observe the aVL waveform of standard Augmented Unipolar limb Lead in
oscilloscope at positive electrode terminal of Scientech 2352A or on the
Scientech 2351 (Adjust gain and frequency if required).
●
Observe the each systolic action of the heart by LED indication.
●
Compare the Lead aVL wave shape with the standard Lead aVL wave shape
given in the manual (Figure 15).
Conclusion:
●
ECG waveform of Standard Lead aVL Configuration is observed in proper
shape and frequency which is previously adjusted by the pulse adjustment
Potentiometer.
●
The QRS complex has positive amplitude with little negative amplitude is the
most common indication of aVL unipolar Lead Configuration.
●
Amplitude and frequency of all waves (P, Q, R, S, T,) are observed, as in
standard Lead aVL Configuration of ECG. (some time Q wave is absent)
Questions:
●
Which type of activity is held during ‘P’,’QRS’ and ‘T’ wave?
●
How different waves are generated?
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
33
Scientech 2352A
Experiment 6
Objective: Study of aVF Lead of standard Unipolar Leads Configuration
Equipments needed:
●
ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351
●
12 Lead ECG simulator Scientech 2352A
●
2 mm Banana to 5 pin Din connector (ECG Lead cable)
●
Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz,400MSa/s) or Equivalent
Procedure:
●
Connect one end of each power supply to the ECG Simulator Scientech 2352A
and ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351 while other end to mains
power supply.
●
Switch ‘On’ the mains power supply, then TechBooks.
●
Select Lead aVF by rotating the Lead selection switch.
●
Make the position of SW2 in ‘On’ position and SW3 in ‘Off’ position.
●
Make connections as in aVF Lead of standard Augmented Unipolar Leads
Configuration.
}
Connect the negative electrode (Red) to the left Leg and positive electrode
(Yellow) to the junction point of Right Arm and Left Arm (indicated by
avF) of subject.
}
Connect reference electrode (Black) to the Right Leg of subject.
Observation:
●
Observe the waveform in aVF Lead of Augmented Unipolar Leads
Configuration in oscilloscope at positive electrode terminal of Scientech 2352A
or on the Scientech 2351 (Adjust gain and frequency if required).
●
Observe the each systolic action of the heart by LED indication.
●
Compare the Lead aVF wave shape with the standard Lead aVF wave shape
given in the manual (Figure 15).
Conclusion:
●
ECG waveform of Standard Lead aVF Configuration is observed in proper
shape and frequency which is previously adjusted by the pulse adjustment
Potentiometer.
●
The QRS complex has positive amplitude with no negative amplitude is the
most common indication of aVL unipolar Lead Configuration.
●
All waves of this Lead Configuration are positive.
●
Amplitude and frequency of all waves (P, R, T,) are coming, as in standard Lead
aVF Configuration of ECG.
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
34
Scientech 2352A
Questions:
●
What ‘P’ wave represent?
●
What is the duration of ‘P’ wave?
●
What is the standard value of one complete cycle for ‘T’ wave?
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
35
Scientech 2352A
Experiment 7
Objective: Study of Chest Lead V1 of standard Unipolar Leads Configuration.
Equipments needed:
●
Heart rate monitor cum ECG TechBook Scientech 2351
●
12 Lead ECG simulator Scientech 2352A
●
2 mm Banana to 5 pin Din connector
●
Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent
Procedure:
●
Connect one end of each power supply to the ECG Simulator Scientech 2352A
and ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351 while other end to mains
power supply.
●
Switch ‘On’ the mains power supply, then TechBooks.
●
Select the chest Lead V1 by rotating the Lead selection switch.
●
Make the position of SW2 in ‘Off’ position and SW3 in ‘Off’ position.
●
Make connections of Unipolar Chest Leads from V1 for getting the chest Lead
signals as follows :
}
Connect the positive electrode (Yellow) to the V1 terminal while negative
electrode (Red) remains open.
}
Connect reference electrode (Black) to the Right Leg (RL) of the subject.
Observation:
●
●
Observe the waveform in Chest Lead of standard Unipolar Leads V1
Configuration in oscilloscope at positive electrode terminal of Scientech 2352A
or on the Scientech 2351 (Adjust gain and frequency if required).
(Adjust gain and frequency if required).
●
Observe the each systolic action of the heart by LED indication.
●
Compare the Lead V1 wave shape with the standard Lead V1 wave shape given
in the manual (Figure 16).
Conclusion:
●
ECG waveform of Standard Lead V1 Configuration is observed in proper shape
and frequency which is previously adjusted by the pulse adjustment
Potentiometer.
●
The QRS complex has negative amplitude is the most common indication of V1
unipolar Lead Configuration.
●
T wave has large positive amplitude.
●
R wave has large negative amplitude.
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
36
Scientech 2352A
Questions:
●
What QRS complex represents?
●
What T wave represents?
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
37
Scientech 2352A
Experiment 8
Objective: Study of Chest Leads V2 of standard Unipolar Lead Configuration.
Equipments Needed:
●
ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351
●
12 Lead ECG simulator Scientech 2352A
●
2 mm Banana to 5 pin Din connector
●
Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
Procedure:
●
Connect one end of each power supply to the ECG Simulator Scientech 2352A
and ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351 while other end to mains
power supply.
●
Switch ‘On’ the mains power supply, then TechBooks.
●
Select the chest Lead V2 by rotating the Lead selection switch.
●
Make the position of SW2 in ‘Off’ position and SW3 in ‘Off’ position.
●
Make connections of Unipolar Chest Leads from V1 for getting the chest Lead
signals as follows :
•
Connect the positive electrode (Yellow) to the V2 terminal while negative
electrode (Red) remains open.
•
Connect reference electrode (Black) to the Right Leg (RL) of the subject.
Observation:
●
Observe the waveform in Chest Lead of standard Unipolar Leads V1
Configuration in oscilloscope at positive electrode terminal of Scientech 2352A
or on the Scientech 2351 (Adjust gain and frequency if required).
●
Observe the each systolic action of the heart by LED indication.
●
Compare the Lead V2 wave shape with the standard Lead V2 wave shape given
in the manual (Figure 16).
Conclusion:
●
ECG waveform of Standard Lead V2 Configuration is observed in proper shape
and frequency which is previously adjusted by the pulse adjustment
Potentiometer.
●
The QRS complex has negative amplitude with little negative value is the most
common indication of V2 unipolar Lead Configuration.
●
T wave has large positive amplitude than V1.
●
R wave has large negative amplitude.
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
38
Scientech 2352A
Questions:
●
What is the amplitude of ‘T’ Wave?
●
What normal ‘T’ waves represents?
●
What is the duration of ST-Interval?
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
39
Scientech 2352A
Experiment 9
Objective: Study of Chest Leads V3 of standard Unipolar Configuration.
Equipments Needed:
●
ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351
●
12 Lead ECG simulator Scientech 2352A
●
2 mm Banana to 5 pin Din connector
●
Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent
Procedure:
●
Connect one end of each power supply to the ECG Simulator Scientech 2352A
and ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351 while other end to mains
power supply.
●
Switch ‘On’ the mains power supply, then TechBooks.
●
Select the chest Lead V3 by rotating the Lead selection switch.
●
Make the position of SW2 in ‘Off’ position and SW3 in ‘Off’ position.
●
Make connections of Unipolar Chest Leads from V3 for getting the chest Lead
signals as follows :
}
Connect the positive electrode (Yellow) to the V3 terminal while negative
electrode (Red) remains open.
}
Connect reference electrode (Black) to the Right Leg (RL) of the subject.
Observation:
●
Observe the waveform in Chest Lead of standard Unipolar Leads V3
Configuration in oscilloscope at positive electrode terminal of Scientech 2352A
or on the Scientech 2351 (Adjust gain and frequency if required).
●
Observe the each systolic action of the heart by LED indication.
●
Compare the Lead V3 wave shape with the standard Lead V3 wave shape given
in the manual (Figure 16).
Conclusion:
●
ECG waveform of Standard Lead V3 Configuration is observed in proper shape
and frequency which is previously adjusted by the pulse adjustment
Potentiometer.
●
The QRS complex has approximately equal negative and positive amplitude is
the most common indication of V3 unipolar Lead Configuration.
●
T wave has large positive amplitude than V1 with sharp edges.
●
S wave has large negative amplitude.
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
40
Scientech 2352A
Questions:
●
What is the amplitude of ‘R’ Wave?
●
What ‘R’ wave represents?
●
What is the amplitude of ‘S’ Wave?
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
41
Scientech 2352A
Experiment 10
Objective: Study of Chest Leads V4 of standard Unipolar Configuration.
Equipments Needed:
●
ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351
●
12 Lead ECG simulator Scientech 2352A
●
2 mm Banana to 5 pin Din connector
●
Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent
Procedure:
●
Connect one end of each power supply to the ECG Simulator Scientech 2352A
and ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351 while other end to mains
power supply.
●
Switch ‘On’ the mains power supply, then TechBooks.
●
Select the chest Lead V4 by rotating the Lead selection switch.
●
Make the position of SW2 in ‘Off’ position and SW3 in ‘Off’ position.
●
Make connections of Unipolar Chest Leads from V4 for getting the chest Lead
signals as follows:
} Connect the positive electrode (Yellow) to the V4 terminal while negative
electrode (Red) remains open.
} Connect reference electrode (Black) to the Right Leg (RL) of the subject.
Observation:
●
Observe the waveform in Chest Lead of standard Unipolar Leads V4
Configuration in oscilloscope at positive electrode terminal of Scientech 2352A
or on the Scientech 2351 (Adjust gain and frequency if required).
●
Observe the each systolic action of the heart by LED indication.
●
Compare the Lead V4 wave shape with the standard Lead V4 wave shape given
in the manual (Figure 16).
Conclusion:
●
ECG waveform of Standard Lead V4 Configuration is observed in proper shape
and frequency which is previously adjusted by the pulse adjustment
Potentiometer.
●
The QRS complex has approximately equal negative and positive amplitude is
the most common indication of V4 unipolar Lead Configuration.
●
T wave has positive amplitude but slightly flatter than V1, V2, V3.
●
S wave has negative amplitude.
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
42
Scientech 2352A
Questions:
●
What is the amplitude of ‘T’ Wave?
●
What normal ‘T’ waves represents?
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
43
Scientech 2352A
Experiment 11
Objective: Study of Chest Leads V5 of standard Unipolar Configuration.
Equipments Needed:
●
ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351
●
12 Lead ECG simulator Scientech 2352A
●
2 mm Banana to 5 pin Din connector
●
Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz,400MSa/s) or Equivalent
Procedure:
●
Connect one end of each power supply to the ECG Simulator Scientech 2352A
and ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351 while other end to mains
power supply.
●
Switch ‘On’ the mains power supply, then TechBooks.
●
Select the chest Lead V5 by rotating the Lead selection switch.
●
Make the position of SW2 in ‘Off’ position and SW3 in ‘Off’ position.
●
Make connections of Unipolar Chest Leads from V5 for getting the chest Lead
signals as follows :
} Connect the positive electrode (Yellow) to the V5 terminal while negative
electrode (Red) remains open.
} Connect reference electrode (Black) to the Right Leg (RL) of the subject.
Observation:
●
Observe the waveform in Chest Lead of standard Unipolar Leads V5
Configuration in oscilloscope at positive electrode terminal of Scientech 2352A
or on the Scientech 2351 (Adjust gain and frequency if required).
●
Observe the each systolic action of the heart by LED indication.
●
Compare the Lead V5 wave shape with the standard Lead V5 wave shape given
in the manual (Figure 16).
Conclusion:
●
ECG waveform of Standard Lead V5 Configuration is observed in proper shape
and frequency which is previously adjusted by the pulse adjustment
Potentiometer.
●
The QRS complex has positive amplitude with little flatter shape of S wave is
the most common indication of V5 unipolar Lead Configuration.
●
R wave has large positive amplitude.
●
ST slope is more flat than other chest Lead Configurations.
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
44
Scientech 2352A
Questions:
●
What is the amplitude of ‘R’ Wave?
●
What ‘R’ wave represents?
●
What is the amplitude of ‘S’ Wave?
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
45
Scientech 2352A
Experiment 12
Objective: Study of Chest Leads V6 of standard Unipolar Configuration.
Equipments Needed:
●
ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351
●
12 Lead ECG simulator Scientech 2352A
●
2 mm Banana to 5 pin Din connector
●
Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent
Procedure:
●
Connect one end of each power supply to the ECG Simulator Scientech 2352A
and ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351 while other end to mains
power supply.
●
Switch ‘On’ the mains power supply, then TechBooks.
●
Select the chest Lead V6 by rotating the Lead selection switch.
●
Make the position of SW2 in ‘Off’ position and SW3 in ‘Off’ position.
●
Make connections of Unipolar Chest Leads from V6 for getting the chest Lead
signals as follows:
}
Connect the positive electrode (Yellow) to the V6 terminal while negative
electrode (Red) remains open.
}
Connect reference electrode (Black) to the Right Leg (RL) of the subject.
Observation:
●
Observe the waveform in Chest Lead of standard Unipolar Leads V6
Configuration in oscilloscope at positive electrode terminal of Scientech 2352A
or on the Scientech 2351 (Adjust gain and frequency if required).
●
Observe the each systolic action of the heart by LED indication.
●
Compare the Lead V6 wave shape with the standard Lead V6 wave shape given
in the manual (Figure 16).
Conclusion:
●
ECG waveform of Standard Lead V6 Configuration is observed in proper shape
and frequency which is previously adjusted by the pulse adjustment
Potentiometer.
●
The QRS complex has positive amplitude with little negative S wave is the most
common indication of V6 unipolar Lead Configuration.
●
R wave has large positive amplitude
●
ST slope is less than other chest Lead Configurations.
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
46
Scientech 2352A
Questions:
●
What is the amplitude of ‘QRS’ Complex?
●
What ‘QRS’ complex represents?
●
What is the duration of ‘QRS’ wave?
●
What short duration indicates in ‘QRS’ wave?
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
47
Scientech 2352A
Experiment 13
Objective: Study of all the standard ECG Leads (12 Leads) Unipolar and Bipolar
Configuration simultaneously.
Equipments needed:
●
ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351
●
12 Lead ECG simulator Scientech 2352A
●
2 mm Banana to 5 pin Din connector (ECG Lead cable)
●
Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent
Procedure:
●
Connect one end of each power supply to the ECG Simulator Scientech 2352A
and ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351 while other end to mains
power supply.
●
Switch ‘On’ the mains power supply, then TechBooks.
●
Make the position of SW2 in ‘Off’ position and SW3 in ‘On’ position.
●
Make connections of 12 Lead for getting all Leads simultaneously.
}
Connect the positive electrode (Yellow) to the 12 Lead terminal while
negative electrode (Red) remains open.
}
Connect reference electrode (Black) to the Right Leg (RL) of the subject.
Observation:
●
Observe the waveform of all standard Unipolar and Bipolar Leads Configuration
in oscilloscope at positive electrode terminal of Scientech 2352A or on the
Scientech 2351 (Adjust gain and frequency if required).
●
Observe the each systolic action of the heart by LED indication.
●
Compare the all Lead wave shape with the standard Lead wave shape given in
the manual (Figure 15 and 16).
●
By default each ECG wave will come two times.
Conclusion:
●
ECG waveforms of all Standard Leads Configuration are observed in proper
shape and frequency which is previously adjusted by the pulse adjustment
Potentiometer.
Questions:
●
What is unipolar and bipolar configuration?
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
48
Scientech 2352A
Experiment 14
Objective: Study of measurement of normal Heart-Rate using 12 Lead ECG
Simulator Scientech 2352A and ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351.
Equipments needed:
●
ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351.
●
12 Lead ECG simulators Scientech 2352A.
●
2 mm Banana to 5 pin Din connector.
●
Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
Procedure:
●
Connect one end of each power supply to the ECG Simulator Scientech 2352A
and ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351 while other end to mains
power supply.
●
Switch ‘On’ the mains power supply, then TechBooks.
●
Before monitoring the Heart-rate of human body the Count/Reset selection
switch should be in Reset mode to allow the Heart-rate Monitor to start
measuring from beginning (Reset value) and to reset the timer.
●
The Display mode provided at front panel displays either Heart-rate or
Tachycardia limit or Bradycardia limit depending up on their selection. Initially
in case of Heart-rate it will give reset value, and if Tachycardia limit or
Bradycardia limit is selected then it will display their present value.
●
Make connections in any of the Bipolar or Unipolar Leads Configurations
properly on Scientech 2352A and connect the cables to the TechBook
Scientech 2351.
●
Select Count Mode using Count/Reset selection switch and observe each
heartbeat event executed by the subject (human body) on heartbeat event
indicator with in one minute duration. One minute duration is indicated by one
minute timer LED.
Observation:
●
Now observe the Heart rate displayed on the digital panel meter.
●
Vary the Pulse rate by pulse-rate Adjustment pot till DPM (digital panel meter)
shows 72 heartbeats (Standard) per minute. Then observe the ECG waveform
obtained with normal sinus rhythm.
●
All amplified waves you can see at tp3 in Scientech 2351.
Conclusion:
●
Digital Panel Meter shows the normal readings of the Heart rate (72 bpm).
●
Any abnormality (Tachycardia and Bradycardia) are not indicated by the DPM.
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
49
Scientech 2352A
Questions:
●
How much time period is required to complete one cycle by the heart?
●
Define heart rate?
●
How the heart rate is controlled?
●
What is the heart rate for various human beings?
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
50
Scientech 2352A
Experiment 15
Objective: Study of abnormalities (Tachycardia, Bradycardia) present in human
cardiovascular system using ECG simulator Scientech 2352.
Equipments needed:
●
ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351.
●
12 Lead ECG Simulator Scientech 2352A.
●
2 mm Banana to 5 pin Din Connector.
●
Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
Procedure:
●
Connect one end of each power supply to the ECG Simulator Scientech 2352A
and ECG cum Heart Rate Monitor Scientech 2351 while other end to mains
power supply.
●
Switch ‘On’ the mains power supply, then TechBooks.
●
Before monitoring the Heart-rate of human body the Count / Reset selection
switch on Scientech 2351 should be in Reset mode to allow the Heart-rate
Monitor to start measuring from beginning (reset value) and to reset the timer.
●
The Display mode provided at front panel of Scientech 2351 displays either
Heart rate or Tachycardia limit or Bradycardia limit depending upon their
selection. Initially, in case of Heart rate it will give reset value indication, and if
Tachycardia limit or Bradycardia limit is selected then it will display their
present value.
●
Make connections as in any of the standard unipolar or bipolar Lead
Configuration properly on Scientech 2352A and connect the cables to the
Scientech 2351 TechBook.
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Select Count Mode using Count / Reset selection switch and observe each
heartbeat event executed by the subject (human body) with in one minute
duration. One minute duration is indicated by one minute timer LED.
Observation:
●
Observe the heart-rate displayed on the digital panel meter.
●
To test the Tachycardia conditions, select the Tachycardia limit mode using
mode selection switch so that the display mode comes to display tachycardia
limit with LED indication.
●
Set the Tachycardia limit by adjusting the Limit adjustment potentiometer
(preferable to set 90 heart beats per minute).
●
Set the Bradycardia limit by adjusting the Limit adjustment potentiometer
(preferable to set 40 heartbeats per minute) and then returns to Heart-rate mode
by selecting it.
●
Select Reset mode, before counting current Heart-rate in Count Mode.
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Rotate ECG Pulse-rate Adjustment control on 12 Lead ECG Simulator
Scientech 2352A to vary the pulse rate, Whenever the rate exceeds than the
current Tachycardia limit, or less than the current Bradycardia limit, the out of
control visible indications are given by Tachycardia LED and Bradycardia LED.
Conclusion:
●
While rotating the pulse rate adjustment pot, when Heart rate Exceeds beyond
the Tachycardia limit, the tachycardia indication is given by the LED.
●
When heart rate is below the Bradycardia limit, the indication is given by the
LED for the Bradycardia.
●
When Heart rate lies in between the Tachycardia and Bradycardia limit, not any
indication is given by the LED.
Questions:
●
How many contractions heart have?
●
In how many layers heart wall is divided, name them?
●
What Tachycardia, Bradycardia represents?
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Frequently Asked Questions
●
What is the Anatomy of the human heart?
The heart is basically a hollow muscular pump, which pushes the blood through
out the body via the blood vessels. It is located between the lungs and slightly to
the left of centre.
●
How many contractions heart have?
The heart is an involuntary muscle that has approximately seventy to ninety
contractions per minute during a restful state. It begins to pump early in the life
of a fetus and will continue unceasingly until death.
●
In how many layers heart wall is divided, name them?
The heart wall is divided into three layers:
●
•
Pericardium
•
Myocardium
•
Endocardium
How chamber is sub divided?
The heart is divided by a partition or septum into two halves. The halves are in
turn divided into chambers. The upper two chambers of the heart are called atria
and the lower two chambers are called ventricles.
●
How many chambers does heart have?
The heart has four distinct chambers.
}
Right atrium is the thin-walled area that receives the venous or "used"
blood returning to the body by the veins.
}
Right ventricle is the "pump" area of the heart's right side. The atrium
dumps the blood into the ventricle where it is then pumped out the
pulmonary arteries and to the lungs.
}
Left atrium receives the oxygenated blood returning from the lungs.
}
Left ventricle has the thickest walls of all. It is from this chamber the
blood is pumped out of the heart, into the aorta and out to the rest of the
body.
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●
How many types of heart valves are there?
There are four types of heart valves which are as follows:
●
}
Tricuspid valve: is the one located at the entrance of the right ventricle. It
prevents the blood from washing back into the right atrium.
}
Pulmonary semi lunar valve: is located between the right ventricle and
the pulmonary artery.
}
Mitral valve: is made of very heavy cusps and is located at the entrance of
the left ventricle. This is a powerful valve that closes as the left ventricle
begins each of its contractions to ensure the oxygenated blood doesn't reenter the left atrium.
}
Aortic valve: is located, as its name would imply, between the left
ventricle's exit and the aorta itself.
How right ventricle and left ventricle works?
As the right ventricle contracts and sends blood to the lungs, the left ventricle
contracts and squeezes blood out to the body.
●
What is systole and diastole?
Systole occurs when the ventricles contract, and diastole when they relax. One
complete contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle makes up one heartbeat.
●
How many components heart conduction system have?
There are four basic components to the heart's conduction system.
●
}
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
}
Inter-nodal fibre bundles
}
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
}
Atrioventricular bundle
What is the function of natural pacemaker?
A natural pacemaker generates electrical impulses at regular rate. To initiate the
heartbeat the action potentials generated by the natural pacemaker or S.A. node
gets propagated in all directions along the surface of both atria and
atrioventriculer node.
●
What is the full form of ECG?
Electrocardiogram
●
How the electrical activity of heart can be sensed?
This electrical activity generated by the heart can be measured by an array of
electrodes placed on the body surface.
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●
What P wave represents?
The P wave represents the wave of depolarization that spreads from the SA node
throughout the atria, and is usually 0.08 to 0.1 seconds (80-100 ms) in duration.
●
What QRS complex represents?
The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization. The duration of the
QRS complex is normally 0.06 to 0.1 seconds. This relatively short duration
indicates that ventricular depolarization normally occurs very rapidly.
●
What T wave represents?
The T wave represents ventricular repolarization and is longer in duration than
depolarization (i.e., conduction of the repolarization wave is slower than the
wave of depolarization).
●
How much time period is required to complete one cycle by the heart?
The total time required for one complete cycle of the heart electrical activity
ranges from approximately 0.4 to 0.6 second.
●
Define heart rate?
The Heart-rate is a rate at which the heart beats per minute.
o
How the heart rate is controlled?
It is controlled by the frequency at which the natural pacemaker generates
electrical pulses.
●
What is the heart rate for various human beings?
The bigger a person is, the slower the heart rate. A newborn baby's heart beats
about 120 times per minute. The typical rate for adults is 72 beats per minute.
But doctors consider resting rates from 60 to 100 beats per minute within the
normal range.
●
To measure the ECG signals where the electrodes are placed on human
body?
To record the ECG pattern of a subject (human body) it is necessary to apply
ECG metal electrodes to the patient's limbs in special formats called leads, on
each arm and leg, and six electrodes are placed at defined locations on the chest.
●
How electrical signals are generated through the heart?
As the heart undergoes depolarization and repolarization, the electrical currents
that are generated and spread not only within the heart, but also through out the
body.
●
How the electrical current is measured from the heart?
The electrical activity generated by the heart can be measured by an array of
electrodes placed on the body surface.
●
How different waves are generated?
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The different waves that comprise the ECG represent the sequence of
depolarization and repolarization of the atria and ventricles.
●
What ‘P’ wave represent?
The ‘P’ wave represents the wave of depolarization that spreads from the SA
node throughout the atria.
●
What is the duration of ‘P’ wave?
The duration is usually of 0.08 to 0.1 seconds (80-100 ms).
●
What ‘QRS’ complex represents?
The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization.
●
What is the duration of ‘QRS’ wave?
The duration of the QRS complex is normally 0.06 to 0.1 seconds.
●
What short duration indicates in ‘QRS’ wave?
The relative short duration indicates that ventricular depolarization normally
occurs very rapidly.
●
What ‘T’ wave represents?
The T wave represents ventricular repolarization and is longer in duration than
depolarization
●
What is the duration of ‘T’ wave?
Typically the total time required for one complete cycle of the heart electrical
activity ranges from approximately 0.4 to 0.6 second.
●
What is the standard value of one complete cycle for ‘T’ wave?
0.8 seconds is the standard value of one complete heart cycle.
●
What ‘T’ wave represents?
This U wave represents the state of heart when all four chambers of heart
receive the blood generally this wave is not present in the normal ECG graph.
●
Which type of activity is held during ‘P’,’QRS’ and ‘T’ wave?
During a normal sinus rhythm, the atria are contracting first (around the time of
the P wave), and the ventricles contract second (around the time of the QRS
complex). Ventricular relaxation occurs around the time of the T wave.
●
What heart's electrical axis refers?
The heart's electrical axis refers to the general direction of the heart's
depolarization wave front (or mean electrical vector) in the frontal plane.
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●
What is the orientation of heart's electrical axis?
It is usually oriented in a right shoulder to left Leg direction, which corresponds
to the left inferior quadrant of the hex axial reference system, although -30o to
+90o is considered to be normal.
●
What the electric axis of the heart usually denotes?
The concept of the electric axis of the heart usually denotes the average
direction of the electric activity throughout ventricular (or sometimes atrial)
activation.
●
What is the range of electric axis?
The normal range of the electric axis lies between +30° and -110° in the frontal
plane and between +30° and -30° in the transverse plane. The direction of the
electric axis may be approximated from the 12-Lead ECG by finding the Lead in
the frontal plane, where the QRS-complex has largest positive deflection. The
direction of the electric axis is in the direction of this Lead vector. The result can
be checked by observing that the QRS-complex is symmetrically biphasic in the
Lead that is normal to the electric axis.
●
What the deviation of the electric axis to the right indicates?
Deviation of the electric axis to the right is an indication of increased electric
activity in the right ventricle due to increased right ventricular mass.
●
Due to which types of diseases the deviation of the electric axis to the right
occurs?
This is usually a consequence of chronic obstructive lung disease, pulmonary
emboli, certain types of congenital heart disease, or other disorders causing
severe pulmonary hypertension and corpulmonale.
●
What the deviation of the electric axis to the left indicates?
Deviation of the electric axis to the left is an indication of increased electric
activity in the left ventricle due to increased left ventricular mass.
●
Due to which types of diseases the deviation of the electric axis to the left
occurs?
This is usually a consequence of hypertension, aortic Stenosis, ischemic heart
disease, or some interventricular conduction defect.
●
What is the amplitude of ‘P’ wave?
Amplitude
●
:
0.25mV
What should be the dimensions of ‘P’ wave?
The P wave in general should not be more than 1 box wide or 1 box tall. If it
exceeds these, it generally means that either or both atria is enlarged
(hypertrophied).
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●
What are the characteristics of ‘P’ wave?
Positive deflection of P wave greater than 1 box wide or 1 box in height
indicates right atrial hypertrophy Negative deflection of P wave greater than 1
box wide or 1 box in depth indicates left atrial hypertrophy.
●
What is the duration of PR-Interval?
Duration: 180-220 m sec
The distance from the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of Q wave is
PR interval. It’s a period from the beginning of atria depolarization to the
beginning of ventricular depolarization.
●
What is PR-segment?
It is the distance from end of the P wave and beginning of Q wave.
●
What is the duration of PR-segment?
Duration: 0.01 sec (approximately)
●
What is the amplitude of Q wave?
Amplitude
●
:
0.2 mV
What normal Q wave represents?
Normal Q waves are small, less than 1 mm deep or wide and one fourth the
height of their R wave.
●
When Q wave Develops?
Pathological Q waves usually develop when ST segments are elevated and
appear several hours or days after the clinical manifestations of the Myocardial
Infarction.
●
What abnormal Q wave represents?
Abnormal Q must be one Small Square (0.04 sec) wide and greater than onethird of QRS height in Lead III. Myocardial infarction causes pathological Q
waves over the affected area of the ventricle. The age of the infection can be
determined.
If only Q wave is present without elevated ST segment then it indicates old
infarction while if ST segment is there (with or without T wave inversion) then
it indicates acute infraction. Q waves with inverted T waves may indicate
undetermined age.
●
What is the amplitude of ‘R’ Wave?
Amplitude
●
:
1mV
What ‘R’ wave represents?
R wave is the largest wave of the ECG graph and it is always above iso electric
line, No such thing as a "negative R-wave" exists.
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●
What is the amplitude of ‘S’ Wave?
Amplitude
●
0.4 - 0.5 mV
What is the amplitude of ‘QRS’ Complex?
Amplitude
●
:
:
1.5 mv
What is the duration of ST-Segment?
Short segment from end of S wave to beginning of T wave and has duration of
about 0.07 sec.
●
What is the amplitude of ‘T’ Wave?
Amplitude
●
:
0.1 - 0.5 m sec
What normal ‘T’ waves represents?
Normal T waves are in the same direction as their complex, wave is
asymmetrical and it peaks toward the end, instead of the middle. Normal T
wave in frontal plan is about 5 mm and in precordial plane 10 mm tall.
●
What is the duration of ST-Interval?
Period from end of S wave to end of T wave and has the duration of about 0.20 0.27 m sec.
●
What QT-Interval represents?
It is the interval from beginning of Q wave to end of T wave, or we can say this
is the period from beginning of ventricular depolarization to the end of
repolarization.
●
What is the duration of QT-Interval?
It has the duration of about 0.26 - 0.49 m sec.
●
What RR-Interval represents?
This is the distance between QRS-complexes.
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Glossary
Artery: A muscular blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.
Arrhythmia: Is an abnormal heart rhythm.
Atrium: One of the chambers of the heart that receives blood directly from a vein.
Bradycardia: When the heart-rate less than the normal heart-rate rhythm.
Circulatory system: The system of the body responsible for internal transport.
Composed of the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lymph, and the blood.
Cardiology: Is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of
disorders of the heart.
Diastole: Pronounced dy AS tuh lee, is the period of heart activity when the ventricles
relax.
Diastolic pressure: The decreased pressure due to the relaxation of the ventricles is
called diastolic pressure.
Electrocardiograph (ECG): Is an instrument used to detect heart damage or
diagnose heart disorders.
Heart: The muscular organ composed of cardiac muscle that is responsible for
pumping blood throughout the body.
Normal sinus rhythm: Normal pumping action of heart generates 60 -100 heartbeats
per minute.
Septum: The wall dividing the two ventricles.
Systole: Is the period of heart activity when the ventricles contract.
Systolic pressure: The increased pressure due to the contraction of the ventricles is
called systolic pressure.
Tachycardia: When the heart-rate exceeds than the normal heart-rate rhythm.
Ventricle: One of the muscular chambers of the heart that is responsible for pumping
blood from the heart into the arteries.
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Warranty
●
We guarantee this product against all manufacturing defects for 24 months from
the date of sale by us or through our dealers.
●
The guarantee will become void, if
•
The product is not operated as per the instruction given in the Learning
Material.
•
The agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed.
•
The customer resells the instrument to another party.
•
Any attempt is made to service and modify the instrument.
●
The non-working of the product is to be communicated to us immediately giving
full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the
type, serial number of the product and date of purchase etc.
●
The repair work will be carried out, provided the product is dispatched securely
packed and insured. The transportation charges shall be borne by the customer.
Hope you enjoyed the Scientech Experience.
List of Accessories
Quantity
Ø
Patch cord 16”................................................................................... .................1
Ø
Power Supply................................................................................................. .....1
Ø
TechBook Power Supply .................................................................................1
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