Download Biology 152 – Axial Skeleton Anatomy Objectives

Biology 152 – Axial Skeleton Anatomy Objectives
For this assignment, we will be learning bone names, specialized structures, and left/right/medial aspects
of the skull, vertebrae, and ribcage. You will want to learn the bone names first, and then practice the
parts of the bones (sutures, foramina, processes, etc.). NOTE: The sides of a skull and ribcage (left versus
right) are the patient's sides, not yours!
SKULL BONES – learn their names and positions first
ethmoid
roof of nose and medial orbits
frontal
forehead
inferior nasal conchae
lateral to vomer; inferior in nasal cavity
middle nasal conchae
lateral to perpendicular plate; middle of the nasal cavity
lacrimals
with tear glands/ducts
mandible
lower jaw; fused single bone in adults
maxillae
upper jaw bones
nasals
bones at the bridge of the nose
occipital
inferior and posterior
palatines
roof of mouth - hard palate
parietals
superior and lateral sides of skull
sphenoid
keystone of brain; winglike projections under skull
temporals
temples
zygomatics
cheekbones
vomer
inferior and medial in nasal cavity
hyoid
anterior of neck; behind the mandible
ossicles of ear
malleus, incus, and stapes (MIS) inside temporal
FORAMINAE – openings through bones for blood vessels and nerves to pass
carotid canal
for the carotid artery
condyloid foramen
behind the occipital condyle
external acoustic (or
sound waves enter skull to tympanic membrane
auditory) meatus
eye orbit
entire region where the eye is housed
greater palatine foramen
on palatine bone; lateral edges
hypoglossal foramen
in front of the occipital condyles)
incisive foramen
behind incisors (front teeth)
internal acoustic (or
where nerve enters brain for hearing; inside skull
auditory) meatus
infraorbital foramen
below the orbit
jugular foramen
for the jugular vein
lacerum foramen
the ripped hole of LOS
lacrimal foramen
where you cry
lesser palatine foramen
only on real skulls; behind greaters
foramen magnum
the big hole; spine exits here
mandibular foramen
look inside the mandible
mental foramen
front of jaw
optic foramen (or optic
between the orbital fissures, nerves cross as they enter the skull
canal)
using these openings
foramen ovale
in the LOS
foramen rotundum
brain side of the skull below the optic foramen
spinosum foramen
in the LOS
stylomastoid foramen
between two bumps on temporal bone
superior orbital fissure
gash high inside the orbit
inferior orbital fissure
gash low inside the orbit
supraobital foramen
above the orbit; best seen on real skulls
PROCESSES and SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES
ramus of mandible bone
flat part on side of jaw
coronoid process (of mandible bone)
muscle attachment area of mandible bone
mandibular condyle
that forms the TMJ with the temporal bone
cribriform plate (of ethmoid bone)
full of holes for olfactory nerves to enter skull
perpendicular plate (of ethmoid bone) centered in nasal area
crista galli (of ethmoid bone)
high spot in front of skull
condyles (of occipital bone )
allow us to rock head “yes”
palatine process (of maxilla)
form parts of hard palate (or else a cleft forms)
sella turcica (of sphenoid bone)
“Turk’s saddle” protects pituitary gland
styloid process (of temporal bone)
“needlelike” spikes for tongue attachment
zygomatic process (of temporal bone) back of zygomatic arch (cheek)
mastoid process (of temporal bone)
“breastlike” bumps for neck muscles
temporal process (of zygomatic bone) front of zygomatic arch (cheek)
SUTURES – fused between bones (need 2 bones to touch here)
coronal
lambdoidal
sagittal
squamous
Apply the "rule" for naming the rest (Bon-o-Bone2): example: sphenoethmoid or nasofrontal or
palatomaxillary or vomomaxillary or occipitotemporal or lacrimomaxillary or zygotemporal
HINTS FOR FORAMINAE – triangles of openings
IGL
incisive, greater palatine, lesser palatine
LOS
lacerum, ovale, spinosum
CJS
carotid, jugular, stylomastoid
MHC
magnum, hypoglossal, condyloid
SOI
supraorbital, optic, infraorbital
DISARTICULATED VERTEBRAE – types based on location and use
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
Cervical (C3-C7)
Coccyx (2-5 fused)
Lumbar (L1-L5)
Sacrum (S1-S5)
Thoracic (T1-T12)
DISARTICULATED VERTEBRAE – parts of individual bones
body
dens
inferior articular facet
lamina
pedicle
spinous process
superior articular facet
spinous process
transverse foramen
transverse process
vertebral foramen
ARTICULATED VERTEBRAE
intervertebral foramen
openings between vertebrae for spinal nerves to exit
intervertebral disk
fibrocartilage pads between vertebrae
RIBS - right/left - they curve down and around to touch sternum
vertebrosternal
touch sternum in front
vertebrochondral touch cartilage bar in front
vertebral
touch only vertebrae in back
RIBS – right/left – parts of the bones
costal end
vertebral end
rib tubercle
STERNUM – medial only – separate bones when young, fused in the elderly
body
manubrium
xiphoid process
On the practical itself, you will be given the following format:
POSITION - 0.5 points each
1
2
3
left right medial
left right medial
left right medial
STRUCTURE NAME – 1 point ea.
BONE NAME(S) – 0.5 pnts. ea.
of the
of the
of the