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organism population community ecosystem biosphere SCIENCE STAAR NOTEBOOK BIOLOGY - CATEGORY 5 Interdependence within Environmental Systems Change in Ecosystems over Time Succession- transition in species composition over time; can take years or decades, and usually after a disturbance Primary Succession- Begins with a virtually lifeless area without soil, then comes… 1) bacteria 2) lichens & mosses 3) grasses 4) shrubs 5) Trees (Bacteria, lichens, and mosses make soil for the other plants) Secondary Successionsuccession in a habitat that has previously supported growth. The picture above is an example of secondary succession. Example of Succession Glacier Bay An example of primary succession is the receding glacier of Glacier Bay, Alaska. Land is continually being exposed and colonized as the face of the glacier moves back. Photo: www.usastatestravel.com STAAR Question Succession can lead to…. species diversity greater biodiversity = greater stability Greater biodiversity offers: – more food resources – more habitats – more resilience in face of environmental change Diversity can lead to… Better Adaptations Examples: - Plants deep in the rain forest with larger leaves can capture more sunlight for photosynthesis. - Birds on the Galapagos Islands with pointy beaks can reach in deeper holes for food. - Snow shoe hare can easily hide from their predators because of their camouflage. Photo: http://www.wild-facts.com/tag/snowshoe-hare-facts / Interactions in an Ecosystem: Symbiosis Symbiosis: the relationship organisms have with each other. Examples: – Parasitism – one organism, the parasite, benefits while the other organism, the host, is hurt. (not necessarily killed) Ex: a tick feeding on the blood of a dog – Commensalism – when one organism benefits and the other organism is not effected. Ex: sea anemone rides on the shell of crab for a free ride – Mutualism – both organisms benefit. Ex: an orchid being pollinated by a nectar collecting wasp – Predation – one animal hunts and eats another animal or organism. STAAR Question Interactions in an Ecosystem: Food Chains, Food Webs, and Pyramids To illustrate the flow of energy in an ecosystem we use food chains, food webs, and pyramids. – The consumers in a food chain: –Carnivore – eats meat –Herbivore – eats plants –Omnivore – eats plants and meat Interactions in an Ecosystem: Food Chains, Food Webs, and Pyramids The sun is the ultimate source of energy. The sun drives the flow of energy in an ecosystem. Trophic levels – different feeding levels of an ecosystem. As you go up the different trophic levels energy decreases. Organisms lose energy in the form of HEAT. sunlight producer consumer 1 consumer 2 Interactions in an Ecosystem: Food Chains, Food Webs, and Pyramids The arrows in a food chain point in a direction of energy flow. Chicken Human Interactions in an Ecosystem: Food Chains, Food Webs, and Pyramids Test Taking Tip: – Use a simple numbering system to answer test questions! 3 2 Place a P on the producer and count upwards once for each arrow. There should be a 1 on the primary consumer; 2 on the secondary consumer; a 3 on the tertiary consumer. 1 – This method will work every time as long as you start counting with a P on the producer. – DON’T FORGET THAT PLANTS ARE PRODUCERS. P 1 2 2 3 1, 2 P STAAR Question Interactions in an Ecosystem: Food Chains, Food Webs, and Pyramids Pyramids show the amount of energy at each trophic (feeding) level. Producers are usually at the bottom because they are the most abundant and have the most energy. But why????? STAAR Question The Texas blind salamander (Eurycea rathbuni) lives in the Edwards Aquifer region around San Marco. Along with other species the salamander lives in total darkness in the underground crevices and caves of the aquifer region. The table lists some of the organisms that live in this environment and their food sources. In an energy pyramid for these aquifer cave dwellers, which of the following would be placed at the bottom? A Snails B Blind Shrimp C Protozoa D Texas blind salamanders Long-Term Survival The long-term survival of a species is dependent on the changes of resources in different trophic levels. When one level is affected the other parts of the ecosystem are affected as well. X X X X Bacteria Some bacteria benefit humans Helps with digestion and vitamin absorption Aids with fermentation of cellulose in a cows digestive system Some bacteria are harmful Causes dental cavities Cooking food properly helps to protect against some harmful bacteria (ex: salmonella in chicken) Salmonella attacking a cultured human cell. Some bacteria are decomposers Some bacteria are used to produce foods such as yogurt, cheese, and pickles There is a multitude of bacteria. Most do not have a direct effect on humans STAAR Question Bacteria are present in the digestive tract of some herbivores. The bacteria break down plant cellulose, making it possible for the herbivore to digest plant material. These bacteria live in a stable environment with sufficient food and water. The herbivore and the bacteria in this relationship – A. benefit each other B. compete for survival C. are producers D. are secondary consumers Carbon Cycle CO2 in Atmosphere animal respiration factory soil and organism respiration assimilation by plants plant respiration photosynthesis by algae respiration by algae and aquatic animals litter limestone decomposition fossil fuels coal, gas, petroleum oceans, lakes STAAR Question NITROGEN CYCLE Simplified Free N2 in Atmosphere denitrifying bacteria RIP Organic material nitrogen-fixing bacteria NITRATES STAAR Question Look carefully, the answer is in the picture!! Environmental Stability The cycling of all these substances and nutrients helps maintain the ecosystem, and if humans or natural occurrences effect any part of those it can effect the availability of the resources. Recycling: use many times = less waste STAAR Question The overgrowth of algae poses a major problem for coral reefs. Intensive fishing is one factor that contributes to algae overgrowth because it does which of the following? A Allows more sunlight to be available to algae B Inhibits the spread of pathogens in algae colonies C Reduces the number of organisms that feed on algae D Increases the competition between different algae species