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Section 4-1
Discussion
Local Conditions
How would you describe your climate, or the average, year-after-year conditions of
temperature and precipitation where you live?
Does your area receive a great deal of precipitation—rain and snow—or is your area
very dry?
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Section Outline
Section 4-1
What is Climate?
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What is Climate?
• Weather – day-to-day condition of Earth’s atmosphere
• Climate – average of daily weather over a period of time
•Factors affecting climate:
– Trapping of heat by the atmosphere
– Latitude
– Ocean currents
– Etc.
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The Greenhouse Effect
Section 4-1
Sunlight
Some heat
escapes
into space
Greenhouse
gases trap
some heat
Atmosphere
Earth’s surface
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Greenhouse Gases
Include:
– CO2 (Carbon dioxide)
– Methane
– Water vapor
• Similar to a car on a hot day, glass allows light energy in,
yet little heat escapes.
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The Effect of Latitude on Climate
•Earth is tilted on it’s axis, causing varying degrees of light
striking the Earth.
3 main zones of climate:
1. polar zones – sun strikes Earth at a very low angle
2. temperate zones – angle of the sun varies
3. tropical zones – direct or near direct sunlight
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Figures 4-1 and 4-2 Heating of the Earth’s Surface
and Some Factors That Affect Climate
Section 4-1
Greenhouse Effect
Different Latitudes
90°N North Pole
Sunlight
Sunlight
Some heat
escapes
into space
Greenhouse
gases trap
some heat
Arctic circle
Sunlight
Most direct sunlight
66.5°N
Tropic of Cancer
23.5°N
Equator
0°
Tropic of Capricorn
23.5°S
Sunlight
Atmosphere
Arctic circle
Earth’s surface
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Sunlight
66.5°S
90°S South Pole
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Section Outline
Section 4-2
4–2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
A. Biotic and Abiotic Factors
B. The Niche
C. Community Interactions
1. Competition
2. Predation
3. Symbiosis
D. Ecological Succession
1. Primary Succession
2. Secondary Succession
3. Succession in a Marine Ecosystem
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Biotic factors
• Living or
once living
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Abiotic
• Non-living components that influence an
ecosystem
– Temperature, Type of soil, Precipitation, Climate
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Abiotic and Biotic Factors
Section 4-2
Together they determine the stability
of an ecosystem
Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
ECOSYSTEM
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The Niche
• Where an organism fits into its environment
– Place on food chain
What it eats and what eats it
– How and where it reproduces
– Climate it prefers
• No two species can occupy the same niche in the
habitat! Competition? One wins and one loses.
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same
Figure 4-5 Three Species of Warblers and
Their Niches
Section 4-2
Cape May Warbler
Feeds at the tips of branches
near the top of the tree
Bay-Breasted Warbler
Feeds in the middle
part of the tree
Spruce tree
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Yellow-Rumped Warbler
Feeds in the lower part of the tree and
at the bases of the middle branches
Community Interactions
1. Competition – species attempt to use an ecological resource
in the same place at the same time.
2. Predation – one organism captures and feeds on another
organism
3. Symbiosis – relationship when 2 species live together
• Mutualism – helps both
• Commensalism – one benefits, other not harmed
• Parasitism – one lives on or in another, harming the host.
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Predation
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Mutualism
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Commensalism
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Parasitism
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Ecological Succession
• Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to human or
non-human interactions.
• Could be a rapid change or very gradual (thousands of years).
• Types:
– Primary
– Secondary
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Primary Succession
•Occurs where no soil exists – must start with plants….Why?
– Bare rocks
– Volcanic areas
• Occurs often due to climatic changes of plate tectonics
• After original pioneer species establish area, new organisms
begin to inhabit area.
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Primary succession
after an eruption
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Primary
succession
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Secondary Succession
• When a drastic climatic event disturbs a particular area and
organisms re-establish the ecosystem over time.
– Prairie fires
• Ecosystems typically bounce back from natural
disturbances, but struggle to return when human
disturbances occur (non-natural).
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Secondary succession
after clear-cutting or
a fire.
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Secondary
succession
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Discussion
Does this parking
lot demonstrate
primary or secondary
succession
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Section Outline
Section 4-3
4–3 Biomes
A. Biomes and Climate
B. The Major Biomes
C. Other Land Areas
1.Mountain Ranges
2.Polar Ice Caps
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What is a biome?
•Many ecosystems combined sharing the
same climate and soil conditions.
•Organisms are adapted structurally and
behaviorally to that particular biome
•Ex: Saguaro and anthodium
•Organisms in biomes demonstrate
tolerance.
– What is that?
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Compare/Contrast Table
Section 4-3
Ten Major Biomes
Biome
Precipitation
Temperature
Soil
Diversity
Trees
Grasses
Tropical Rain Forest
high
hot
poor
high
dense
sparse
Tropical Dry Forest
variable
mild
rich
moderate
medium
medium
Tropical Savanna
variable
mild
clay
moderate
sparse
dense
Desert
low
variable
poor
moderate
sparse
sparse
Temperate Grassland moderate
summer hot
rich
moderate
absent
dense
Temperate woodland
and Shrubland
summer low,
winter moderate
summer hot
poor
low
medium
medium
Temperate Forest
moderate
summer moderate, rich
winter cold
high
dense
sparse
Northwestern
Coniferous Forest
high
summer mild,
winter cold
rocky, acidic
low
dense
sparse
Boreal Forest
moderate
summer mild,
winter cool
poor, acidic
moderate
dense
sparse
Tundra
low
summer mild,
winter cold
poor
low
absent
medium
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Figure 4-11 The World’s Major Land Biomes
Section 4-3
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Tropical rain forest
Temperate grassland
Temperate forest
Tundra
Tropical dry forest
Desert
Mountains and
ice caps
Tropical savanna
Temperate woodland
and shrubland
Northwestern
coniferous forest
Boreal forest
(Taiga)
Generally speaking……
•What adaptations do plants and animals have for the biomes they live in?
•Example: What are plants like in temperate climate?....
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Other land areas
•Mountain ranges
– Varies elevation
– How does that influence climate?
•Polar ice caps
– Cool surrounding water
– Cool air
– What does that mean?
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Section Outline
Section 4-4
4–4 Aquatic Ecosystems
A. Freshwater Ecosystems
1. Flowing-Water Ecosystems
2. Standing-Water Ecosystems
3. Freshwater Wetlands
B. Estuaries
C. Marine Ecosystems
1. Intertidal Zone
2. Coastal Ocean
3. Coral Reefs
4. Open Ocean
5. Benthic Zone
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75% of the Earth covered in water
We have A LOT of aquatic
ecosystems!
Determined mostly by water’s:
Depth
Flow
Temperature
Chemistry (fresh/marine, pH, O2.)
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Freshwater ecosystems – 3%
1. Flowing water
– Rivers, creeks, etc.
2. Standing water
– Lakes, ponds, etc.
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Standing water ecosystems
Basis for the food chain is plankton
1.phytoplankton – plant-like
-single celled algae
2. zooplankton – “critter-like”
- feed on phytoplankton
•
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Freshwater Pond Ecosystem
Section 4-4
Spoonbill
Frogs lay eggs in the shallow
water near shore.The eggs
hatch in the water as tadpoles
and move to the land as adults.
The shore is lined with grasses
that provide shelter and nesting
places for birds and other
organisms.
Duck
Water
Frog lilies Mosquito
Duckweed
larvae
Dragonfly
Snail
The roots of water lilies
cling to the pond bottom,
Pickerel
Diving
beetle Fish share the pond
while their leaves, on long
flexible stems, float on the
with turtles and other
surface.
animals. Many of
them feed on insects
at the water’s edge.
Trout
The bottom of the pond is
inhabited by decomposers and
Hydra
other organisms that feed on
particles drifting down from the
Snail Crayfish
surface.
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Phytoplankton
Plankton and the organisms that
feed on them live near the surface
where there is enough sunlight for
photosynthesis. Microscopic algae
are among the most important
producers.
Benthic
crustaceans
Freshwater wetlands
• Water covers existing soil either partly or completely for an
extended period of time.
•Very productive ecosystems containing both aquatic and
terrestrial organisms.
•Swamps, bogs, marshes
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Illinois Swamps – Cache River
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Estuaries
•Where freshwater rivers reach the sea
•Have a mixture of freshwater/marine life
– Crabs, clams, fish
•Use them mostly to reproduce then when mature, head out
to sea.
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Salt Marshes
• Temperate-zone
estuaries
• Salt tolerant grasses
• Chesapeake Bay in
Maryland
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Mangrove Swamps
• Tropical regions
• Salt tolerant trees
• Florida Everglades
National Park
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Marine ecosystems
• Photic zones
– Shallow areas of the ecosystem where sunlight can
penetrate
– rate of photosynthesis
– Down to about 200 meters
•Aphotic zones
– Deep areas, no light penetrates
– rate of photo.
– Chemosynthetic “critters”
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Figure 4-17 Zones of a Marine Ecosystem
Section 4-4
land
Coastal
ocean
Open
ocean
200m
1000m
Photic zone
4000m
Aphotic zone
6000m
Ocean
trench 10,000m
Continental
shelf
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Continental slope and
continental rise
Abyssal
plain
•Intertidal zone
– Subjected to seawater, air, sunlight, battered by waves
all in the period of one day.
– Exposed to daily extreme environ. Changes
– Zonation: horizontal banding
-Coastal ocean
- Low tide make to outer edge of continental shelf
– Almost entirely ‘photic’
– Rich in plankton, kelp and other algae dominant
– Kelp forests
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•Coral reefs
– Formed from hard calcium deposits of dead coral
skeletons
– Shallow water for algae that live symbiotically with
them.
– Provide shelter for fish, etc.
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•Open ocean
– “oceanic zone”
– Largest marine zone by
area (90%)
– Low # of producers = ???
• But, why such a large
rate of photo?
•Benthic zone
– Ocean floor
– Benthos
– Chemosynthetic critters
or feed on dead
stuff/detritus
(decomposers)
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=dTaWsFct32g&feature=related
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