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Review of Course Identity and Ideology • Sources of identity: – – – – – – – Family Influence Gender and gender roles Religion and spirituality Environment Relationship to the land Language and Ideology Media, Beliefs, and Values – Government Shaping Identity – Themes include: • • • • • • • Nation Class Race Environment Relationship to the land Gender Religion • Progressivism— umbrella term for ideologies that advocate political/social reform, support workers rights, and social justice. Demonstrate where it would fall on the spectrum • Characteristics of Ideology: – Nature of Human Beings – Structure of Society – Interpretations of History – Visions of the Future examine historic and contemporary expressions of individualism and collectivism • Entrepreneurialism • Social Programs and Public Services • Kibbutz • NGO • Hutterites Individualism • principles of liberalism: – individual rights and freedoms – self-interest – Competition – economic freedom – rule of law – private property Collectivism • principles of collectivism: – – – – – Collective responsibility collective interest Cooperation economic equality adherence to collective norms – public property Political Spectrum Left/Communism Government by the people, exercised through representatives selected in a popular vote Rule by a collective or group who make all decisions without outside inputs Republican Democracy Communism Capitalism Government by the people, who are directly involved on all decisions The absence of any form of political state or leadership Means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned, and Pure development is Democracy proportionate to the accumulation and reinvestment of profits gained in a free market. Anarchy Anarchism Right/Capitalism Collective ownership of property and the organization of labor for the common advantage of all members. Authoritarian One political leader with absolute Dictatorship power (not restricted by a Oligarchy constitution or laws or opposition, etc.) Republican Democracy Communism The means of producing and distributing goods is owned collectively (or by a centralized government) that often plans and controls the economy to maintain social and economic equality. Centralization of authority under a dictator, stringent socioeconomic controls, suppression of opposition through terror and censorship; typically a policy of belligerent nationalism and/or racism. Capitalism Pure Democracy Anarchy Anarchism Right/Capitalism Left/Communism Authoritarian Dictatorship Fascism Oligarchy Fascism Stalin’s USSR Castro’s Cuba China 2050? Where China actually is today Republican Democracy Communism Capitalism Collapse of central government in mid-1990s led to country run by economic opportunists, terrorists, Pure and militaristic gangs. Currently Democracy trying to reestablish central government, but it controls only part of the capitol and none of the body of the country. Anarchy Anarchism Somalia Right/Capitalism Left/Communism Venezuela Where China thinks they are… Authoritarian Dictatorship Related Issue 2 Review Classical vs. Modern Liberalism Classical Liberal Thinkers • John Locke – Government should be accountable to ppl. – Private property=good – Against authoritarianism – Humans are reasonable • Montesquieu – Separation of powers – Accountability of individual – Equality of individuals • Adam Smith – Laissez-faire – People should work for themselves – Government should be limited • John Stuart Mill – Individualist—freedom should be protected – Welfare capitalism (government’s provided protection for workers) – Only limitations on liberty should be those that protect the liberties of others • Enlightenment • French Revolution • American Revolution • Industrial Revolution Opposition to Classical Liberalism • Luddites • Utopians Socialists • Chartists • Marxists • Socialists • Classical Conservativism Welfare State • Great Depression • Keynesian Economics – Boom Bust Cycle • • • • More money in your pockets: Governments should spend money in a recession to reduce its severity. It should also reduce taxes. The New Deal (FDR) Winnipeg General Strike Labour Unions Universal Suffrage Less money in your pockets: Governments should spend less money in boom times to soften a boom. It should also raise taxes. Authoritarian Governments: Hitler and Stalin • KNOW: How these regimes rejected liberalism – Pre-conditions that allowed the regimes to come to power – Biography – Rise to power – Illiberal practices while in power – Placemetn on political and economic spectrum Cold War • Yalta and Potsdam Conferences • Spheres of Influence • Expansionism • Containment • Deterrence • Brinkmanship • Non-Alignment • • • • • • • • Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Berlin Wall Hungary (Fall) Czech Republic Yugoslavia Cuban Missile Crisis Proxy Wars Related Issue 3 Review Systems that do not reflect the will of the people Systems that reflect the will of the people (not responsible/accountable) (responsible/accountable) Dictatorships/ Democracies Authoritarians systems Representative Direct Nunavut, Athens, Web/Politics 2.0 Parliamentary Canada Presidential (USA) Governor General (symbolic Office) Prime Minister and Cabinet House of Commons Appoints Senate Elect Citizens Supreme Court President Appoints Supreme Court Cabinet Approves House of Representatives Senate ELECT ELECT Citizens ELECT Authoritarian Political Systems Techniques of Authoritarian Governments : • Vision • Propaganda • Directing Public Discontent • Terror • Controlled Participation Types: • Oligarchies • One Party States • Military Dictatorships Balancing the Common Good with Individual Rights • French Language Laws • Religious Symbolism/ Reasonable Accommodation • War Measures Act – FLQ Crisis – Japanese Cdn. Internment • • • • Emergencies Act PATRIOT Act No Fly List Individual and Collective Rights • Charter of Rights and Freedoms Liberalism Evolves… • • • • Environmentalism Neo-Conservativism Religious Perspectives Aboriginal Perspectives Aboriginals • Historical/traditional ideological beliefs of First Nations—Private Property • Residential Schools • (Historical) Treaties • Potlatch • Enfranchisement • Indian Act • White Paper (Red Paper) Challenges to Liberal Thought • Post-Modernism • Extremism • Economic Extremism Is Contemporary Liberalism Viable? • Environmentalism • Consumerism • Pandemics • Water Shortages