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2108 Study Guide IV
Chapter 41: Nutrition and Digestion
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Relate variations in dentition (teeth) and length of digestive system to the feeding strategies of
herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores
Define and compare the 4 main stages of food processing
o Describe where it occurs and what is happening
Compare intracellular and extracellular digestion
o Distinguish between the roles each has in incomplete and complete digestive tracts
o Be able to give a general explanation and examples of each
Describe the common processes and structural components of the mammalian digestive system
(tract)
Name 3 functions of saliva
Explain regulation in the pharynx in preventing food from going down the ‘wrong tube’
List the 3 types of cells found in the stomach and their respective secretions
o Explain why pepsin doesn’t digest the stomach lining
Explain how the small intestine is specialized for digestion and absorption
o Roles of accessory organs
Compare where and how the major types of macromolecules and digested and absorbed in the
mammalian digestive system
o Recognize the enzymes identified in class, what they break down, and where it occurs
Describe the major functions of the large intestine
o Explain what can occur from disruptions of normal digestive system flow
Name the 3 nutritional needs that must be obtained for a nutritionally adequate diet
Define essential nutrients and explain each of the 4 classes/types
Distinguish between water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins
Distinguish between undernourishment, overnourishment, and malnourishment
Chapter 42: Circulation
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Explain how a gastrovascular cavity functions in part as a circulatory system
Distinguish between open and closed circulatory systems.
List the structural components of a cardiovascular system (vertebrate circulatory system) and
relate the structure to their function
Compare and contrast the circulatory systems of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
o Distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circuits and explain the functions of each
Describe the general relationship between metabolic rates and the structure of the vertebrate
circulatory system
List the 4 heart valves, describe their location, and explain their functions
o Define heart murmur and explain its cause
Describe the basic cardiac cycle
Explain how the heart controls its own beating and the role and location of the sinoatrial (SA)
node
Distinguish between arteries, veins, and capillaries
o Relate the structure of these vessels to their function
Explain vasoconstriction and vasodilation
o Explain Viagra and how it is used to treat erectile dysfunction
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Explain how blood flow through a capillary bed is regulated
Trace the complete cycle of blood flow through the heart, listing all structures that blood must
pass through
Explain why blood flow through the capillaries is slower than in arteries and veins
o Relate this to when you detect your pulse
Explain the role of gravity on blood return to the heart
o Be able to explain some of the complications this can cause
Recognize the basic, general functions of the components of blood
o Recognize the 3 general types of cellular elements
Be able to briefly explain what happens to form a blood clot
Chapter 42b: Respiration
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Define gas exchange and distinguish between respiratory medium and respiratory surface
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of having water or air as the respiratory mediums
Describe the general requirements for a respiratory surface
Explain the relationship between altitude and oxygen
Describe the respiratory adaptations of earthworms and aquatic organisms (invertebrates)
o Explain how gas and respiratory surface interact to facilitate gas exchange
Describe countercurrent exchange and explain why it is more efficient that concurrent flow of
water and blood
Describe the tracheal system of insects and explain why it is most efficient for their environment
and body plan
Describe the lung system in general and why it is most efficient for its environment
o Discuss the differences in the lungs of frogs, birds, and mammals
Describe the movement of air in humans through air passageways to the alveoli, listing all
structures that air must pass through
Compare positive and negative pressure breathing
o Explain how humans ventilate their lungs using negative pressure
 Include all changes to the thoracic cavity discussed in class
Explain how humans control breathing
o What is the role of this control and a baby’s first breathe
Describe the differences in gas exchange movements in the lungs and body tissues
In general terms, explain what a respiratory pigment is and what it does