Download honors biology Vertebrates Ch. 19 Objectives The Evolution of

honors biology
Vertebrates
Ch. 19 Objectives
The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity
Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity
19.1
Describe the key derived traits of the chordates and the chordate subgroups.
19.2–19.8 Describe the characteristics of and distinguish between each of the following vertebrate groups: hagfishes,
lampreys, chondrichthyans, ray-finned fishes, lobe-finned fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
19.4
Describe the transitional species that occupy the range between fish and amphibian in evolutionary history.
19.8
Distinguish between monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals. Provide examples of each.
Ch. 21 Objectives
Digestive Systems
Obtaining and Processing Food
21.1
Define and distinguish between carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, suspension feeders, substrate feeders, fluid
feeders, and bulk feeders.
21.2
Describe the four stages of food processing. Explain how animals are protected against self-digestion.
21.3
Compare the structures and functions of a gastrovascular cavity and an alimentary canal. Describe the specialized
digestive systems of an earthworm, a grasshopper, and a bird.
Human Digestive System
21.4
Describe the main components of the human alimentary canal and the associated digestive glands.
21.5
Describe the functional components of saliva and the types and functions of the teeth in humans.
21.6
Explain how swallowing occurs and how food is directed away from the trachea.
21.7
Explain how the Heimlich maneuver is performed.
21.8
Relate the structure of the stomach to its functions. Describe the functions of the secretions of the stomach. Finally,
explain why the stomach does not digest itself.
Ch. 22 Objectives
Respiratory systems
Mechanisms of Gas Exchange
22.1
Describe the three main phases of gas exchange in a human.
22.2
Describe the properties of respiratory surfaces. Describe four types of respiratory surfaces and the kinds of animals
that use them.
22.3
Explain how the amount of oxygen available in air compares to that available in cold and warm freshwater and cold
and warm saltwater.
22.3
Explain how the structure of fish gills functions to maximize oxygen exchange.
22.4
Explain why breathing air is easier than using water for gas exchange.
22.4
Describe the tracheal system of insects.
22.5
Describe the respiratory structures of the fossil animal Tiktaalik, and explain why these features have led scientists to
conclude that it likely lived in shallow water.
22.6
Describe the structures and corresponding functions of a mammalian respiratory system. Describe the respiratory
problems most common to premature infants.
22.8
Compare the mechanisms and efficiencies of lung ventilation in humans and birds.
Transport of Gases in the Human Body
22.10 Explain how blood transports gases between the lungs and tissues of the body.
22.12 Explain how a human fetus obtains oxygen prior to and immediately after birth.
Ch. 23 Objectives
Circulatory systems
Mechanisms of Internal Transport
23.1
Describe the general purpose and functions of a circulatory system.
23.1
Compare the structures and functions of gastrovascular cavities, open circulatory systems, and closed circulatory
systems.
23.2
Compare the cardiovascular systems of a fish, an amphibian, a reptile, a bird, and a mammal.
The Human Cardiovascular System
23.3
Describe the pathway of blood through the mammalian cardiovascular system. Note the names of all blood vessels
and heart chambers identified in Figure 23.3.
23.6
Define a heart attack and cardiovascular disease. Explain what causes them and what can be done to reduce the
chances of developing cardiovascular disease.
Structure and Function of Blood
23.13 Explain why exercising at high altitudes, injecting synthetic EPO, and blood doping increase red blood cell concentrations.
Ch. 27 Objectives
reproductive systems
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
Mrs. Loyd 
[email protected]
Page 1 of 2
http://loydbiology.weebly.com
4/28/2017
http://www.mybiology.com
27.2
Compare the types, advantages, and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction.
Human Reproduction
27.3–27.4 Describe the structures and functions of the female and male human reproductive systems.
27.6
Describe the events of and control of the menstrual cycle. Note the specific functions of releasing hormone, FSH, LH,
estrogen, and progesterone.
Principles of Embryonic Development
27.9
Relate the structure of sperm to its role in fertilization. Describe the mechanisms that prevent more than one sperm
from fertilizing an egg and that prevent hybridization between different species.
27.10 Describe the process and results of cleavage. Explain how identical and nonidentical twins form.
27.11 Describe the process of gastrulation and the resulting arrangement of the embryo.
27.12 Explain how organs form after the development of a gastrula.
27.13 Explain how changes in cell shape, cell migration, and apoptosis contribute to development.
27.14 Explain how the one-dimensional information in DNA is used to direct the three-dimensional form of an embryo.
Human Development
27.15 Describe the initial embryonic stages and the formation and functions of the extraembryonic membranes.
Ch. 28 Objectives
nervous systems
Nervous System Structure and Function
28.1
Describe the structural and functional subdivisions of the nervous system. Describe the three parts of a reflex,
distinguishing the three types of neurons involved in the reaction.
28.2
Describe the structures and functions of neurons and myelin sheaths.
Nerve Signals and Their Transmission
28.3
Define a resting potential and explain how it is created.
28.4
Explain how an action potential is produced and the resting membrane potential restored.
28.5
Explain (a) how an action potential propagates itself along a neuron, (b) why action potentials move in only one
direction, and (c) how action potentials relay different intensities of information.
28.6
Compare the structures, functions, and locations of electrical and chemical synapses.
28.7
Compare excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Explain how the number and location of bound neurotransmitters
influence a receiving cell.
28.9
Explain how drugs can alter chemical synapses.
An Overview of Animal Nervous Systems
28.10 Describe the diversity of animal nervous systems and provide examples. Explain how the structure of the nervous
system relates to the ways animals interact with their environment.
Ch. 30 Objectives
locomotion and skeletal systems
Opening Essay
Compare the adaptations of humans and horses that increase speed.
Movement and Locomotion
30.1
Describe the diverse methods of locomotion found among animals, and the forces each method must overcome.
Skeletal Support
30.2
Describe the three main types of skeletons, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, and provide examples of
each.
30.3
Describe the common features of terrestrial vertebrate skeletons, distinguishing between the axial and appendicular
skeletons and noting the special skeletal adaptations of humans.
Student Media: All are recommended, highlighted entries may be tested.
Activity: Characteristics of Chordates (19.8)
Activity: Digestive System Function (21.10)
Activity: The Human Respiratory System (22.6)
Activity: Reproductive System of the Human Male (27.4)
Activity: Reproductive System of the Human Female
(27.6)
Activity: Sea Urchin Development Video (27.11)
Activity: Frog Development Video (27.12)
Video: Ultrasound of Human Fetus 1, 2 (27.16)
Mrs. Loyd 
[email protected]
Activity: Neuron Structure ((28.2)
BioFlix: How Neurons Work (28.4)
Activity: Nerve Signals: Action Potentials (28.5)
Activity: Neuron Communication (28.6)
Blast Animation: Action Potential (28.4)
Blast Animation: Signal Amplification in Neurons (28.5)
Blast Animation: Signal Transmission at Synapses (28.6)
Discovery Channel Video Clip: Teen Brains (28.15)
Page 2 of 2
http://loydbiology.weebly.com
4/28/2017
http://www.mybiology.com