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Body Systems Review Key Concepts Chapter Summary Chapter 10 Animals obtain and process nutrients for energy and growth from the food they eat. Nutrients Processing nutrients Digestive system digestive disorders We need nutrients from food for energy and growth. (10.1) Nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. (10.1) Advances in technology have increased our understanding of the structure and function of the digestive system and have led to the development of helpful dietary products. (10.1) We can use food labels and Canada’s Food Guide to Healthy Eating to make informed choices about the food we eat. (10.1) The body must process food through its digestive system in order to use nutrients from the food effectively. (10.2) Food processing occurs in four stages: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. (10.2) In mammals, food is processed as it moves through the alimentary canal. (10.2) The digestive system consists of six specialized digestive organs and several accessory organs and glands. (10.2) Diagnostic tools, such as an endoscopy, are used to diagnose digestive disorders, such as ulcers. (10.2) Chapter 11 The circulatory system transports materials through the body. Blood Blood vessels Heart Cardiovascular disorders Promoting cardiovascular health Animals may have an open or closed circulatory system. (11.1) The human cardiovascular system includes a heart, blood, and a network of blood vessels that deliver nutrients to cells and remove cellular wastes. (11.1) Blood is made of plasma, red blood cells, and white blood cells. (11.1) Blood vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries. (11.1) Substances are exchanged between the blood and other tissues. (11.1) The lymphatic system is a transport system that recycles fluids needed in the circulatory system. (11.1) The heart pumps blood through the circulatory system. (11.2) The rhythm of the heartbeat is controlled by the actions of nerves and hormones. (11.2) The pumping action of the heart creates pressure in the blood that can be measured. (11.2) Disorders of the structures and functions of the circulatory system pose a significant risk to health. (11.3) Diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disorders involve an array of technologies. (11.3) Strategies to promote the health of the circulatory system include eating a healthy diet, maintaining an active lifestyle, not smoking, and having regular medical assessments. (11.3) Chapter 12 The respiratory system exchanges gases between blood and air. Gas exchange in aquatic and terrestrial animals Structures of the human respiratory system Breathing Disorders of the respiratory system Interconnected systems All cells need a regular supply of oxygen in order to obtain energy. (12.1) Gas exchange occurs by diffusion along the respiratory surfaces, which are thin, moist, selectively permeable membranes with a large surface area. (12.1) Structures of the respiratory system allow air to flow from the environment into the body. (12.1) The process of breathing moves air in and out of the body. (12.1) A blood protein called hemoglobin transports oxygen through the body. (12.1) Breathing rate is controlled by the level of carbon dioxide in the blood. (12.1) Some respiratory disorders include asthma, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, emphysema, and lung cancer. (12.2) Internal systems of the body interact to maintain the health of the body. (12.2) An active lifestyle can reduce the risk of serious diseases such as diabetes. (12.2) Chapter 10 Chapter 11 alimentary canal glucose aneurysm hemoglobin amino acids glycogen aorta hormones bile hydrolysis aortic valve hypertension biopsy lymph vessels arrhythmia inferior vena cava bolus mechanical digestion arteries lymph arteriosclerosis lymphatic system atherosclerosis pacemaker atria plaque calorie carbohydrates chemical digestion chyme colonoscopy duodenum endoscopy enzymes epiglottis esophagus fats feces fibre gastric juice minerals mucus nutrients pancreatic juice peristalsis pharynx probiotics protein rectum saliva sphincter villi vitamins atrioventricular valves plasma blood pressure platelets capillaries pulmonary circuit cardiovascular disease pulmonary valve cardiovascular system red blood cells cholesterol sphygmomanometer coronary arteries stroke diastolic pressure sudden cardiac arrest diffusion superior vena cava diffusion gradient systemic circuit heart attack systolic pressure heart failure veins ventricles white blood cells Chapter 12 alveoli homeostasis asthma influenza breathing insulin bronchi larynx bronchioles lungs bronchitis pneumonia COPD respiratory surface cilia severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) cystic fibrosis sinusitis diabetes trachea diaphragm tracheal system emphysema tumours Review Questions pg 349: 2-6, 11, 14-26, 28-31, 33-40, 43, 45-50, 53-57, 60-63, 65-66