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Download Directional Terms, Planes, and Cavities Flash Cards Anatomy and
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Directional Terms, Planes, and Cavities Flash Cards Anatomy and Physiology Q1 The lips are ____ to the chin. A1 Superior Q2 The elbow is _______ to the wrist. A2 Proximal Q3 The eyes are _______ to the bridge of the nose. A3 Lateral Q4 The umbilicus is ________ to the sternum. A4 Inferior Q5 The fingers are _______ to the wrist. A5 Distal Q6 The little finger is ______ to the thumb. A6 Medial Q7 The mouth is _______ to the nose. A7 Inferior Q8 The shoulder is _________ to the elbow. A8 Proximal Q9 The spine is __________ to the sternum. A9 Posterior (dorsal) Q 10 The ankle is __________ to the knee. A 10 Distal Q 11 The heart is ________ to the spine. A 11 Anterior (ventral) Q 12 The pelvis is _________ to the abdomen. A 12 Inferior Q 13 The shoulder is ______ _______ to the sternum. A 13 Superior lateral Q 14 The umbilicus is ________ _________ to the hip. A 14 Superior medial Q 15 The chin is _______ _________ to the eyes. A 15 Inferior medial Q 16 The index finger is ________ ________ to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. A 16 Distal medial Q 17 The breast is ______ _______ to the sternum. A 17 Anterior lateral (anteriolateral) Q 18 The spine is _______ _______ to the kidneys. A 18 Posterior medial Q 19 The umbilicus is _______ _______ to the kidneys. A 19 Anterior medial Q 20 The dermis is _________ to the epidermis. A 20 Deep Q 21 Subcutaneous adipose is _____ the the ribs. A 21 Superficial Q 22 The bridge of the nose is _______ to the eyes. A 22 Medial Q 23 The clavicle is ________ to the scapula. A 23 Anterior Q 24 The ears are ______ to the eyes. A 24 Lateral (or posterior is acceptable) Q 25 The nose is _____ to the mouth. A 25 Superior Q 26 The midclavicular line is _______ to the anterior axillary line. A 26 Medial Q 27 The olecranon is ________ to the antecubital fossae. A 27 Posterior Q 28 The hip is _______ to the knee. A 28 Proximal Q 29 The esophagus is _____ to the heart. A 29 Posterior Q 30 The patella is the most ________ part of the knee. A 30 Anterior Q 31 The big toe is _____ to the little toe. A 31 Medial Q 32 The extensor surface of the hand is _______ to the palm of the hand. A 32 Posterior Q 33 The pubis is ________ to the umbilicus. A 33 Inferior Q 34 The palm is _______ to the metacarpals. A 34 Anterior Q 35 A lesion on the forearm is _______ to the elbow. A 35 Distal Q 36 A plane that is parallel to the long axis and cuts the body into right and left halves is a __________. A 36 Sagittal plane Q 37 A plane that is perpendicular to the long axis is a _________. A 37 Tranverse plane or cross section Q 38 A plane that is parallel to the long axis and divides the body into anterior and posterior halves is a ________ _________ plane. A 38 Frontal or coronal plane Q 39 A transverse cut divides the body into a(n) _______ and ________ section. A 39 Inferior / superior (upper and lower) Q 40 A midsagittal plane runs down the _______. A 40 Midline Q 41 A frontal plane divides the body into _____ and ________ section. A 41 Anterior / posterior (front and back) Q 42 Any sagittal cut that is not midline is a ___________ _______ A 42 Parasagittal section Q 43 The two major body cavities are the _______ and ________ body cavities. A 43 Dorsal / ventral Q 44 The dorsal cavity is made up of the _______ and________ cavities. A 44 Cranial / spinal Q 45 The ventral body cavity contains the _______ and ________ cavities. A 45 Thoracic and abdominopelvic ( or abdominal and pelvic) Q 46 The _________ in the thoracic cavity contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and great vessels. A 46 Mediastinum Q 47 The organs are enclosed by _________ membranes that lubricate and prevent friction. A 47 Serous Q 48 The serous membrane that is attached to the organ is the ________ layer. A 48 Visceral Q 49 The serous membrane layer attached to the body wall is the ______ layer A 49 Parietal Q 50 The serous membrane for the heart is ______, lung is _______, and digestive organs are ________. A 50 Pericardium Pleura Peritoneum Q51 Define flexion A51 Reduction of the angle between articulating elements Q52 Define extension. A52 Increasing the angle between articulating elements Q53 What is the difference between dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the ankle? A53 Dorsiflexion – flexion of the ankle Plantar flexion is extension of the ankle Q54 Define abduction. A54 Movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body Q55 Define adduction. A55 Movement toward the body in a longitudinal axis Q56 Define circumduction. A56 A combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction Q57 Define rotation. A57 Turning movement of a bone around its own long axis Medial Lateral Left Right Q58 What is the difference between supination and pronation? A58 Supination – movement of the radius around the ulna causing the palm to face anteriorly (or up) Pronation – movement of the radius around the ulna causing the palm to face posteriorly (or down) Q59 What is the difference between elevation and depression? A59 Elevation – lifting or moving superiorly along a frontal plane Depression – dropping or moving inferiorly along a frontal plane Q60 What is the difference between protraction and retraction? A60 Protraction – anterior movement of a body part such as projection forward Retraction – posterior movement of a body part Q61 Define excursion. A61 Side to side movement Q62 Define opposition. A62 Unique movement of the thumb and little finger with both pads touching each other (can only be accomplished by humans) Q63 Define inversion. A63 Turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially Q64 Define eversion. A64 Turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally Tissue Flash Cards Anatomy and Physiology Q1 Name the four types of tissue. A1 Epithelial Connective Nervous Muscle Q2 Where is epithelial tissue found? A2 Covers the body surface and lines the body cavities Q3 List and define the special characteristics of epithelial tissue. A3 Cellularity – composed mostly of cells with little extracellular material Specialized contacts – tight junctions and desmosomes Polarity – apex and base Connective tissue support – basement membrane Avascular – no blood supply Regeneration – self replacement Q4 List the 6 classifications of epithelial tissue. A4 Simple Stratified Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Transitional Q5 What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelium? A5 Simple has one layer, stratified has more than one layer of epithelial cells Q6 List the characteristics of squamous epithelium. A6 Scalelike Flattened Nucleus is flattened Q7 List the characteristics of cuboidal cells. A7 Tall as wide Nucleus is spherical Q8 List the characteristics of columnar cells. A8 Tall and column shaped Nucleus is elongated Q9 Where is simple squamous epithelial tissue found? A9 Endothelium – lining of the heart and blood vessels Mesothelium – serous membranes Q10 What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium and where is it found? A10 Secretion and absorption Kidney tubules and the smallest ducts of glands Q11 What is the function of simple columnar epithelium and where is it found? A11 Absorption (microvilli) and secretion (goblet cells) Digestive tract Q12 Describe pseudostratified epithelium. A12 Not all cell reach the apex, but all cells are in contact with the basement membrane Q13 Describe stratified squamous epithelium and its function. A13 Most widespread Plays a protective role where tissue is subjected to mechanical wear Is keratinized in skin Q14 Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found? A14 Ducts of larger glands (very rare) Q15 Where is stratified columnar epithelium found? A15 Male urethra, pharynx, and some duct glands (very rare) Q16 What is the function and characteristics of transitional epithelium and where is it found? A17 Cuboidal and columnar epithelium that flatten on the surface when stretched (looks like squamous cells) Found in the hollow urinary organs Able to withstand varying pressures and stretch Q18 List the two classifications of glandular epithelia. A18 Endocrine Exocrine Q19 What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands? A19 Endocrine Ductless Secretes hormones directly into extracellular space (or blood) Exocrine May or may not have ducts Secretes product directly on body surfaces or into body cavities Q20 Name the two types of exocrine glands. A20 Unicellular Multicellular Q21 Describe unicellular exocrine glands. A21 One gland cells Goblet cells that produce mucin are the only important example Q22 Describe multicellular exocrine glands. A22 Contains secretory units consisting of secretory or acini cells Ducts are composed of epithelial tissue Surrounded and supported by connective tissue Q23 What is the difference between a simple and compound exocrine glands? A23 Simple Unbranched ducts Compound Branched ducts Q24 What are the different categories of exocrine glands regarding shape of the gland? A24 Tubular – tube shaped Alveolar – flask shaped Tubuloalveolar – both components Q25 List the three different modes of secretion. A25 Merocrine Holocrine Apocrine Q26 What is the mechanism of release and what are examples of merocrine glands? A26 Secretion by exocytosis – cell is unaltered by the process Pancreas, sweat glands, and salivary glands Q27 What is the mechanism of release and what are examples of holocrine glands? A27 Cell ruptures and the cell is lost in the process Sebaceous glands Q28 What is the mechanism of release and examples of apocrine glands? A28 Product accumulates at the apex and the apex is pinched off and the cell repairs itself Mammary glands producing milk Q29 List the function of connective tissue. A29 Binding and support Protection Insulation Transportation Q30 What are the common characteristics of connective tissue? A30 Common origin – mesenchyme Avascular to highly vascular Has extracellular matrix (acellular) Q31 List the structural elements present in connective tissue. A31 Ground substance Fibers Cells Q32 Characterize ground substance in connective tissue. A32 Unstructured material that fills the space between cells Holds a large amount of fluid and serves as a molecular sieve to transport substances to between capillaries and cells Q33 List the three different types of fibers found in connective tissue and their characteristics. A33 Collagen – made of collagen, tough, high tensile strength – resists stretch Elastic – made of elastin, recoils like a rubber band – returns to its original length Reticular – fine collagenous fibers that surround small blood vessels and support the soft tissue organs Q34 List the types of connective tissue. A34 Connective tissue proper Cartilage Osseous tissue (bone) Blood and lymph Q35 What are the two types of connective tissue proper? A35 Loose connective tissue Dense connective tissue Q36 List the three types of loose connective tissue. A36 Areolar connective tissue Reticular connective tissue Adipose Q34 List the characteristics of areolar connective tissue. A34 Loose arrangement of fibers Space occupied by ground substance Hold fluid Present in all mucous membranes as the lamina propria Q35 List the characteristics of reticular connective tissue. A35 Like areolar connective tissue except fibers in the matrix are reticular Forms a stroma that support free blood cells in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow Q36 Describe adipose. A36 Matrix scanty and packed tightly together Richly vascularized Stores nutrients Insulates and protects Q37 List the three types of dense connective tissue. A37 Dense regular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Elastic Q38 Describe dense regular connective tissue and where it is found. A38 Fibers are the predominate element Bundles of closely packed collagen fibers that are wavy and parallel Fibers have little stretch Found in tendons and aponeurosis Q39 Describe dense irregular connective tissue. A39 Predominate element is closely packed collagen fibers that are thick and irregularly arranged Found where tension is exerted in different directions Found in dermis and surrounding some organs Q40 Describe cartilage and list the three types of cartilage. A40 Composed mainly of ground substance and is up to 80% water Avascular Chondroblasts are the germ cell – chondrocytes are the mature cells Types – Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage Q41 Describe hyaline cartilage and where it is found. A41 Made of collagen fibers Provides firm support with pliability Articular cartilage covers the end of long bones (joints) Q42 Describe elastic cartilage and give an example of where it is found. A42 Has more elastin than hyaline cartilage Found where strength and stretchability are important Found in the epiglottis Q43 Describe fibrocartilage and give examples of where it is found. A43 Rows of chondrocytes alternating with rows of thick collagen fibers Compressible and resists tension Found where true ligaments or tendons meet hyaline cartilage Found in intervertebral discs, spongy cartilage of the knee, and pubic symphysis Q44 Why is blood unique and why is it considered a connective tissue? A44 Common origin (mesenchyme) Only liquid tissue Q45 Describe covering and lining membranes and name the three types of covering and lining membranes. A45 Composed of epithelium with an underlying layer of connective tissue Cutaneous membrane Mucous membranes Serous membranes Q46 Describe cutaneous tissue. A46 Skin Epidermis is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Dermis is dense irregular connective tissue Q47 Describe mucous membranes and where they are found. A47 Lines body cavities that are open to the exterior Contains either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelia connected to a lamina propria (connective tissue) Adapted for secretion and absorption and are wet or moist Found in hollow organs – digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts Q48 Describe serous membranes. A48 Membranes found in closed ventral body cavities Simple squamous epithelium on a layer of areolar connective tissue Viscera covers the organ Parietal covers the inside body wall Q49 List the serous membranes of the: Lungs Heart Digestive organs A49 Lungs – pleura Heart – pericardium Digestive organs - peritoneum Q50 List the three types of muscle tissue. A51 Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Q52 Describe skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. A52 Skeletal – voluntary striated Cardiac – involuntary striated Smooth – involuntary nonstriated Q53 List the three stages of tissue repair. A53 Inflammation Organization Regeneration and fibrosis Q54 Describe the inflammatory process. A54 Inflammatory chemicals are released by mast cells and macrophages Increase permeability of capillaries allowing increase in nutrients and oxygen Q55 Describe the organization of the repair process. A55 Restoration of blood flow Formation of granulation tissue Q56 Define regeneration and fibrosis. A56 Regeneration is the process of creating new epithelial cells Fibrosis is the formation of a scar by connective tissue Skeletal Tissue Flash Cards Anatomy and Physiology Q1 List the functions of skeletal tissue. A1 Support Protection Movement Blood cell production Calcium storage Q2 List the two components of the skeletal system. A2 Cartilage Bone Q3 List the characteristics of cartilage. A3 Consists mostly of water High resilience Avascular No nervous innervation Surrounded by a perichondrium Composed of chondrocytes in lacunae in matrix Q4 Name the three types of cartilage. A4 Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage Q5 List the characteristics of hyaline cartilage. A5 Flexible and resilient Q6 List the locations where hyaline cartilage is found. A6 End of bones with moveable joints (articular cartilage) Costal cartilage Respiratory cartilage Nasal cartilage Q7 List the location where elastic cartilage is found. A7 External ear Epiglottis Q8 Fibrocartilage is found in areas that are subject to? A8 Heavy pressure and stretch Q9 Name the location where fibrocartilage is found. A9 Intervertebral discs Menisci of the knee Pubic symphysis Q10 Contrast the difference between appositional and interstitial growth of cartilage. A10 Appositional growth – matrix is deposited from cells in the perichondrium Interstitial growth – matrix is produced by chondrocytes in lacunae Q11 List the 5 categories of bones by shape. A11 Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Q12 Describe long bones. A12 Longer than wide All limb bones except; patella, wrist bones, and ankle bones Q13 Describe short bones. A13 Cube shaped Wrist and ankle bones Sesamoid bones which includes the patella Q14 Describe flat bones. A14 Thin, flattened, and curved Includes the sternum, scapulae, ribs, and most of the skull bones Q15 Describe irregular bones. A15 Any bone that does not fit into any other category of bones Includes vertebrae and hip bones Q16 Name the two types of bones based on texture. A16 Compact bone Spongy bone Q17 Describe compact bone. A17 External layer Appears to be solid Smooth Q18 Describe spongy bone. A18 Honeycomb structure Trabeculae – small needle-like or flat pieces Open spaces are filled with bone marrow Q19 What is the shaft of a long bone called? A19 Diaphysis Q20 What are the ends of a long bone called? A20 Epiphysis Q21 Name the plate that separates the diaphysis from the epiphyses in children. A21 Epiphyseal or growth plate Q22 What is the name of the area around the epiphyseal plate or epiphyseal line? A22 Metaphysis Q23 What is the membrane that surrounds bone? A23 Periosteum Q24 Describe the two layers of periosteum. A24 Fibrous (outer) layer consisting of dense irregular connective tissue Osteogenic (inner) layer consisting of osteoblasts and osteoclasts Q25 Describe Sharpey’s fibers. A25 Tufts of collagen that extend from the fibrous layer of the perisoteum into the bone Q26 Name the delicate connective tissue membrane that covers the trabeculae of spongy bone. A26 Endosteum Q27 What is the spongy bone of flat bones also known as? A27 Diploe Q28 What is the structural unit of compact bone? A28 Haversian or osteon system Q29 Describe osteons. A29 Elongated cylinder that runs parallel to the long axis of the bone Osteons are weight bearing pillars Are a group of hollow concentric tubes Q30 What is each matrix tube of an osteon called? A30 Lamella Q31 Name the canal that runs parallel to the long axis of the bone in an osteon. A31 Haversian or central canal Q32 Name the canals that run perpendicular to the Haversian or central canal. A32 Volkmann or perforating canal Q33 What is the cell that is found in lacunae at the junctions of the lamellae? A33 Osteocytes Q34 Name the tiny canals that connect osteocytes. A34 Canaliculi Q35 What is the lamellae between osteons called? A35 Interstitial lamella Q36 What is the lamella called that lies next to either the periosteum or endosteum? A36 Circumferential lamellae Q37 Describe the trabeculae of spongy bone. A37 Align along stress lines Contain irregularly arranged lamellae interconnected by canaliculi Q38 Name the cell that builds bone by depositing matrix. A38 Osteoblast Q39 Name the cells that are mature bone cells. A39 Osteocytes Q40 Name the cell that is involved in resorption of bone. A40 Osteoclasts Q41 What is the predominant form of calcium in bone? A41 Hydroxyapatite Q42 By what process do flat bones develop in the fetus? A42 Intramembranous ossification Q43 By what process does bone other than flat bone develop in the fetus? A43 Endochondral ossification Q44 In postnatal bone growth, what happens on the either side of the epiphyseal plate? A44 Cells in the cartilage on the side facing the epiphysis divides quickly and push the epiphysis from the diaphysis Chondrocytes near the diaphysis die and are replaced by bone matrix Q45 By what process does the width of bone grow in the postnatal state? A45 Appositional growth Q46 What is the single most important stimulus to bone growth? A46 Growth hormone Q47 Describe the process of bone remodeling. A47 Constant bone deposition and resorption Q48 Where does bone deposit occur? A48 Where bone is injured or requires more strength do to stress. Q49 What hormone stimulates osteoclast activity? A49 Parathyroid hormone Q50 What hormone inhibits osteoclast activity? A50 Calcitonin Q51 Name the four steps, in order, of the repair process of fractured bones. A51 Hematoma formation Fibrocartilaginous callus formation Bony callus formation Bone remodeling Axial Skeleton Flash Cards Q4 Which bone is bordered by all four sutures? A4 Parietal bone Q6 The jaw bone that contains the lower teeth is the ________. A6 Mandible Q11 The cheekbone is the ________. A11 Zygomatic or malar bone Q12 There are _________ (number) of cervical vertebrae. A12 7 Q20 There are _____(number) of thoracic vertebrae. A20 12 Q24 There are ______(number) of lumber vertebrae. A24 5 Q26 The sacrum is composed of ______(number) of fused vertebrae. A26 5 Q27 The sacrum help forms what joint in the pelvis? A27 Sacroiliac Q28 The coccyx is composed of _____(number) of fused vertebrae. A28 4 Q29 What is the only function of the coccyx? A29 Slight support of pelvic organs otherwise useless Q30 Name the three parts of the sternum . A30 Manubrium Body Xiphoid Q33 How many ribs are there and how are they classified? A33 12 total 1-7 true 8-10 false 11-12 floating Sometimes classified as false ribs Q35 The ribs articulate with which vertebrae? A35 Thoracic Q47 Name the four suture lines of the skull. A47 Coronal Sagittal Lamboidal Squamous
