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Adams Environmental Science Ch. 4 Study Guide Main Ideas Ecosystems are composed of many interconnected parts that often interact in complex ways. An ecosystem is the community of all the different organisms living in an area and their physical environment An ecosystem contains biotic and abiotic factors The naturalist Charles Darwin used the term natural selection to describe unequal survival and reproduction that results from certain traits. By selecting which domesticated animals and plants breed by humans cause evolution by artificial selection. We have unintentionally selected for pest that resist pesticides and bacteria that resist antibiotics. Organisms can be divided into 6 kingdoms distinguished by cell type and how they obtain energy. Bacteria and fungi break down dead organisms and recycle their nutrients. Gymnosperms are evergreen plants that usually bear cones, and angiosperms produce flowers and bear seeds in fruit. Insects are invertebrates and the most successful on Earth. Vocabulary Term Define Evolution Change in a population over time Natural The unequal survival and reproduction that results from the presence or Selection absence of a trait. Plants Multicellular organism that have a cell wall and make their own food Invertebrates Animals that lack a back bone Vertebrates Animals that have a backbone Eubacteria The most common bacteria on Earth, usually causes diseases Habitat The place an organism lives Gymnosperm Plants that are woody, and cone bearing and seeds not enclosed by fruit Resistance When an organism has developed immunity to a certain chemical. Adaptation A trait that helps an individual better survive in their environment Abiotic The nonliving factors in an environment Biotic The living and once living factors in an environment Fungi The kingdom that has a cell wall but no chlorophyll. Includes mushrooms and yeast. Adams 1. Environmental Science Ch. 4 Study Guide What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors? Give an example of each. Biotic are living factors like bacteria, plants and animals. Abiotic are nonliving factors like rocks, soil, air. 2. How are habitats important to organisms? They provide the organisms with shelter, food and everything else it needs to survive. 3. List the 5 components that make up an ecosystem. Energy, mineral nutrients, water, oxygen and living organisms 4. What is coevolution? When organisms evolve because of other living things. For example, the Hawaiian honeycreeper’s beak evolved with the lobelia flower. 5. How do insects become resistant to pesticides? They must have the gene that enables them to resist the chemical. Over time, the insect populations will all have the gene and the pesticide will not be useful. 6. What are the 6 kingdoms of organisms? Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Fungi, Protist, Plants, Animals 7. Why are bacteria and fungi important in an ecosystem? They break down the remains of organisms and return the nutrients into the environment. 8. How do angiosperms and animals depend on each other? Many animals use angiosperms for food and angiosperm use animals to spread their seeds. 9. Why are insects so successful? They move quickly, reproduce rapidly and have a waterproof exoskeleton shell. 10. Your essay, which needs to be 3-5 sentences, will be the following question: Explain why a scientist may say an animal is becoming rare because of habitat destruction.