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Plants
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22–1 Introduction to Plants
What Is a Plant?
What Is a Plant?
Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of
cellulose.
Plants use green pigments chlorophyll a and b for
photosynthesis.
What Plants Need to Survive
In order to survive, plants need:
•
•
•
•
sunlight
water and minerals
gas exchange
transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant body
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22–1 Introduction to Plants
The Plant Life
Cycle
Alternation of
Generations
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22–1 Introduction to Plants
Cladogram of Plant Kingdom
The great
majority of
plants alive
today are
Flowering
Plants
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Bryophytes
22–1 Introduction
22-2
to Plants
Mosses do not have true roots, instead they have
rhizoids, which are long, thin cells that anchor them
in the grounds and absorb water and minerals from
the surrounding cells.
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22–1 Introduction
to Plants
Evolution of Vascular Tissue
Seedless
Vascular Plants
Chap. 22-3
Evolution of Vascular Tissue
• Vascular tissue is specialized to conduct water and nutriets
throughout the plant.
• The first vascular plants contained tracheids which are cells
specialized to conduct water. Tacheids make up xylem and pholem
• xylem, carries water from the roots to every part of a plant.
• Phloem transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates
produced by photosynthesis.
CO2
Xylem
H2O
O2
Light
Sugar
Phloem
.
O2
CO2
H2O
Minerals
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22–1 Introduction
to Plants
Ferns and Their Relatives
Seedless
Vascular Plants
Chap. 22-3
Ferns and Their Relatives
• The most numerous phylum is the ferns.
• Ferns and their relatives have true roots, leaves, and
stems.
•
Roots: are underground organs that absorb water and
minerals.
• Leaves: are photosynthetic organs that contain one or
more bundles or vascular tissue.
•
Stems: are supporting structures that connect roots and
leaves carrying water and nutrients between them.
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22–1 Introduction
to Plants
Life Cycle of Ferns
Seedless
Vascular Plants
Chap. 22-3
Ferns have
vascular tissues,
strong roots,
underground
stems called
rhizomes, and
leaves called
fronds.
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22–1Plants
Introduction
to Plants
Seed
Chap. 22-4
Reproduction Free From Water
Adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce
without water include:
Not all plants produce
seed.
• flowers or cones
• The transfer of sperm by pollination
• the protection of embryos in seeds
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22–1Plants
Introduction
to Plants
Reproduction Free From Water
Seed
Chap. 22-4
Cones and Flowers
• Cones, are the seed-bearing structures of
gymnosperms.
• Flowers, are the seed-bearing structures of
angiosperms.
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22–1Plants
Introduction
to Plants
Seed
Chap. 22-4
Reproduction Free From Water
Pollen
• The male gametophyte is contained in a tiny
structure called a pollen grain.
• The transfer of pollen from the male
reproductive structure to the female
reproductive structure is called pollination.
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22–1Plants
Introduction
to Plants
Seed
Chap. 22-4
Reproduction Free From Water
Seeds
• The seed coat surrounds and protects the
embryo and keeps contents of the seed from
drying out.
• A seed is an embryo of a plant that is encased
in a protective covering and surrounded by a
food supply.
• An embryo is an organism in its early stage of
development.
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22–1 Introduction to Plants
22–5 Angiosperms—Flowering
Plants
Flowering plant, or
angiosperms are member of
the phylum Anthophyta
Angiosperms develop unique
reproductive organs known as
flowers.
In flowering plants, the seed is
encased in a fruit (ovary)
A fruit is a wall of tissue
surrounding the seed.
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22–1 Introduction
Plants
Angiosperms
Chap. to
22-5
Diversity of Angiosperms
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22–1 Introduction
Plants
Angiosperms
Chap. to
22-5
Diversity of Angiosperms
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22–1 Introduction
Plants
Angiosperms
Chap. to
22-5
Plants cells undergo photosynthesis. Which organelle
does this process take place In?
Chloroplast
Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials
There are three categories of plant life spans: annual, biennial, and
perennial.
•Annuals are plants that complete a life cycle in one growing
season.
•Biennials complete their life cycle in two years
•Perennials live for more than two years.
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22–1 Introduction
toPlants
Plants23-1Seed Plant Structure
Specialized
Tissue in
The three principal organs of seed plants are
roots, stems, and leaves.
These organs perform functions such as the
transport of nutrients, protection, and coordination of
plant activities.
Plants consist of three main tissue systems:
• dermal tissue
• vascular tissue
• ground tissue
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22–1 Introduction
toPlants
Plants23-1Vascular Tissue
Specialized
Tissue in
Vascular Tissue
Vascular tissue consist of xylem and phloem.
Vascular tissue is made up of
1. xylem, a water-conducting tissue,
2. phloem, a food-conducting tissue.
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22–1 Introduction
toPlants
Plants23-1Seed Plant Structure
Specialized
Tissue in
Leaf
Stem
Root
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22–1Chap.
Introduction
Roots
23-2 to Plants
In some plants, the primary
root grows long and thick.
This primary root is called a
taproot.
23–2 Roots
Fibrous roots branch to
such an extent that no
single root grows larger
than the rest.
Fibrous roots are found in
grasses.
A seed plant is anchored in the ground by its Root
Bulb stems
(root) A
short,
modified,
underground
stem
surrounded
by usually
fleshy
modified
leaves that
contain stored
food.
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22–1Chap.
Introduction
Roots
23-2 to Plants
Root Structure and Growth
The root system plays a key role in water
and mineral transport and anchors the plant.
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22–1 Introduction
Stems-Chap
23-3 to Plants
Stem Structure and Function
Stems have three important functions:
• they produce leaves, branches and flowers
• they hold leaves up to the sunlight
• they transport substances between roots and
leaves
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22–1 Introduction
Stems-Chap
23-3 to Plants
Monocot and Dicot Stems
How do monocot and dicot stems differ?
In monocots, vascular bundles are scattered
throughout the stem. In dicots and most
gymnosperms, vascular bundles are arranged in a
ringlike pattern.
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22–1 Introduction
Stems-Chap
23-3 to Plants
Formation of Wood
Secondary Growth of Stems
Wood
Bark
• Wood is actually
layers of xylem.
These cells build up
year after year.
• Thin rings: weather
conditions were not
favorable
• Thick rings:
weather conditions
were favorable.
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22–1 23-3
Introduction to Plants
Stems
Diversity of Angiosperms
Woody and Herbaceous Plants
• Plant stems that are smooth and nonwoody are
characteristic of herbaceous plants.
• Woody plants include trees, shrubs, and
vines.
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22–1 Introduction
to Plants
Leaves
& Energy 23-4
Leaf Structure
The structure of a leaf is optimized for absorbing
light and carrying out photosynthesis.
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22–1 Introduction
to Plants
Leaves
& Energy 23-4
Leaf Functions
Plants regulate the opening and closing of their
stomata to balance water loss with rates of
photosynthesis.
Stomata are open in daytime, when photosynthesis is
active, and closed at night, to prevent water loss.
In hot, dry conditions stomata may close even in
bright sunlight, to conserve water.
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22–1 Introduction
to Plants
Transport
in Plants 23-5
Water Pressure
The combination of root pressure, capillary action,
and transpiration provides enough force to move
water through the xylem tissue of even the tallest
plant.
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22–1 Introduction
to Plants
Transport
in Plants 23-5
Water Pressure
Cohesion is the
attraction of molecules
of the same substance
to each other.
Adhesion is the
attraction between
unlike substances.
(hydrogen bonds)
The tendency of water to
rise in a thin tube is
called capillary action.
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22–1 Introduction
to Plants
Transport
in Plants 23-5
Wilting of a plant results from the loss of water
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22–1 Introduction
to Plants
Life Cycle of Gymnosperms
Reproduction
with Cones
and Flowers-24-1
Pollen Cones and Seed Cones
• Pollen cones produce the male gametophytes,
also called pollen grains.
Pollen grain (N)
(male gametophytes)
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22–1 Introduction
to Plants
Life Cycle of Gymnosperms
Reproduction
with Cones
and Flowers-24-1
Seed cones produce female gametophytes and are
generally larger than pollen cones.
Female gametophytes develop in two ovules located
near the base of each scale.
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Color and label the flower parts according the to the
instructions in the packet
Female parts of the flower are
the stigma, style and ovary
Male parts of the flower are the
filament and anther.
The Sepal and Petal are called
the sterile parts because that
do not produce reproductive
cells.
Self fertilization: Pollen
released from the anther is
transferred to the stigma. A
pollen tube forms in the style
and the pollen travels down
through the tube until it
reaches an ovule inside the
ovary. The egg is fertilized by
the sperm. (pollen)
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22–1Development
Introductionand
to Plants
Seed
DispersalSeed
Chapand
24-2Fruit Development
A fruit is a ripened ovary that contains angiosperm
seeds.
The following are technically fruits: avocado, beans,
peapods, corn kernels, cucumbers, grains, nuts,
olives peppers, pumpkin, squash, sunflower seeds
and tomatoes.
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22–1Development
Introductionand
to Plants
Seed
DispersalSeed
ChapDispersal
24-2
Seed Dispersal
• Seeds are dispersed by animals, wind, and
water.
• Seeds dispersed by wind or water are typically
lightweight, allowing them to be carried in the air
or to float on the surface of the water.
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22–1Development
Introductionand
to Plants
Seed
Dispersal Chap 24-2
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22–1Development
Introductionand
to Plants
Seed
DispersalSeed
ChapDormancy
24-2
Seed Dormancy
• Many seeds will not grow when they first mature.
• These seeds enter a period of dormancy, during
which the embryo is alive but not growing.
• The length of dormancy varies in different plant
species.
• Environmental factors such as temperature and
moisture can cause a seed to end dormancy
and germinate.
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Plant Hormones
Plants
Responses and Adaptations Chap 25
A hormone is a substance that
is produced in one part of an
organism and affects another
part of the same individual.
Auxin: simulate cell
elongation.
Responsible for plant
tropisms.
Plant hormones are chemical
substances that control a
plants growth, development
and responses to environment
conditions
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Plants Responses and Adaptations Chap 25
Plant Hormones
Cytoknins: stimulate cell division and the growth of lateral buds, and
cause dormant seeds to sprout.
Gibberellins: are used to increase size of stems and fruits.
Ethylene: stimulate fruits to ripen. Ethylene is a minor component of
natural gas.
How was ethylene discovered? When natural gas was used in city street
lamps in the 19th cemetery, people noticed that trees along the street
suffered leaf loss and stunted growth. This effect was eventually
traced to ethylene
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Plants Responses and Adaptations Chap 25
Tropisms are a plant response to external stimuli. The
purpose it to response effectively to certain conditions.
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Plants Responses and Adaptations Chap 25
Photoperiodism in plants is responsible
for the timing to season activities such
as flowering and growth.
Winter Dormancy: As cold weather
approaches, deciduous plants turn of
photosynthetic pathways, transport
material from the leaves to roots and
seal leaves off from the rest of the plant.
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Plants Responses and Adaptations Chap 25
Plant
Adaptations
Aquatic Plants
Salt-Tolerant
Plants
Desert Plants
Description
To take in sufficient oxygen, many aquatic plant have tissues with large air filled
spaces through which oxygen can diffuse.
For plant to grow in salt water, the leaves of the plant has specialized cells that
pump salt out of the plant tissues and onto the leaf surfaces, where it is washed
off my rain.
Plants adaptations to desert climate include extensive roots, reduced leaves
and thick stems that can store water.
Some plants have specialized features for
obtaining nutrients.
1. Carnivorous plants: (Venus flytrap)
2. Parasites: (mistletoe)
An epiphyte plant is not rooted in soil but
instead grow directly o the bodies of other
plants.
Epiphytes are not parasites. They gather
their own moisture, generally from rainfall,
and produce their own food.
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