Download Unit Four (4.1.1) ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS What are the structures

Unit Four (4.1.1)
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
 What are the structures that make up the human heart and how are they
organized?
 How do the heart and lungs work together to pick up and deliver oxygen to
the cells?
 What is the pathway the blood takes as it passes through the heart?
 What is the function of the heart?
 How does the structure of arteries and veins relate to their function?
KEY VOCAB
Aorta
Aortic Valve
Artery
Atrium
Cardiovascular
System
Cell
Inferior Vena
Cava
Mitral Valve
Pulmonary
Circulation
Superior Vena
Cava
Systemic
Circulation
Tissue
Tricuspid Valve
Valve
Vein
The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the
body.
The semilunar valve separating the aorta from the left ventricle that prevents blood from flowing back into
the left ventricle.
Any of the tubular branching muscular and elastic-walled vessels that carry blood from the heart through
the body.
An anatomical cavity or passage; especially a chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins and
forces it into a ventricle or ventricles.
The transport system of the body responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying
away carbon dioxide and other wastes; composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
The smallest structural unit of living matter capable of functioning independently.
A vein that is the largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from
bodily parts below the diaphragm.
A valve in the heart that guards the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle; prevents the
blood in the ventricle from returning to the atrium. Alternative name is bicuspid valve.
The passage of venous blood from the right atrium of the heart through the right ventricle and pulmonary
arteries to the lungs where it is oxygenated and its return via the pulmonary veins to enter the left atrium
and participate in systemic circulation.
A vein that is the second largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart
from the upper half of the body.
The branch of the circulatory system that supplies all body organs and then returns oxygen-poor blood to
the right atrium via the veins.
An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both.
A valve that is situated at the opening of the right atrium of the heart into the right ventricle and that
resembles the mitral valve in structure but consists of three triangular membranous flaps.
A body structure that temporarily closes a passage or orifice, or permits movement of fluid in only one
direction.
A vessel that returns blood to the heart.
Blood Flow Through the Heart.
Deoxygenated Blood enters through the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava into the
Right Atrium where it travels through the Tricuspid Valve into the Right Ventricle,
where it goes through the Pulmonary Valve into the Pulmonary Artery all the way to
the Lungs, where it becomes oxygenated. The blood travels back through the
Pulmonary Vein, , going through the Left Atrium, Down the Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve,
through the Left Ventricle, through the Aortic Valve, into the Aorta, and on to the
Circulatory System.
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Aorta
Superior Vena Cava
Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Veins
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Inferior Vena Cava
Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Veins
Left atrium
Mitral Valve
Aortic Valve
Left Ventricle
Descending Aorta
Key Terms
 Atrioventricular Node- Delays the electric current that will pump the heart so
that the atria can empty completely
 Blood Pressure- The pressure exerted on the blood vessels
 Cardiology- The study of the heart
 Diastole- The heart’s state of rest
 Diastolic Pressure- The blood pressure when the heart is in diastole
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Electrocardiogram (EKG)- The graph of the electric currents in the heart
Heart Rate- How often the heart beats
Hypertension- High blood pressure
Pacemaker- An artificial SA Node- sets the rhythm of the heart.
Pulse- Heart rate
Sinoatrial Node- The pacemaker of the heart- sets the heart’s rhythm
Sphygmomanometer- Blood pressure cuff
Systole- The heart’s state of contraction
Systolic Pressure- Blood pressure when the heart is in systole
Essential Questions
 In what ways can technology be used to collect and analyze cardiovascular data?
 Why is it important to monitor the rate at which the heart beats?
 What factors can influence heart rate?
 What is blood pressure?
 How do systolic and diastolic blood pressure values relate to the movement of
blood in arteries?
 What factors can influence blood pressure?
 What is an EKG?
 How can an EKG be used in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease?
Heart Conduction System
1. SA Node
 Pacemaker
 Sets timing and rhythm of heart beat
 Sends electrical impulse similar to nerve impulse
 Triggers cells of both atria to contract in unison
 Impulse travels thorough cardiac cells to AV node (atrioventricular node)
2. AV Node
 Located in wall between right atrium and right ventricle
 Delays spreading the electrical impulses for 0.1 seconds to ensure the atria
are completely empty
3. Purkinje Fibers
 Specialized muscle fibers and Purkinje fibers, conduct signal to apex of heart
and induce ventricular contraction
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
 Used to measure adequacy of blood getting to vital tissues and organs
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Calculated by the formula: 𝑀𝐴𝑃 =
(𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐)+2(𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐)
3
Electrocardiogram
 Composed of a series of electrical waves: P,Q,R,S, and T
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Need To Know About Cholesterol(4.3)
Too much cholesterol can lead to health problems, including heart
disease and blocked arteries, which can lead to strokes and heart attacks.
Cholesterol is naturally produced in the liver it is also absorbed from food
as it passes through the intestines
Cholesterol is carried through the body through the blood stream
Lipoprotien- combination of a lipid and a protein
Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) is responsible for transporting
cholesterol to the cells
High Density Lipoprotein- responsible for removing excess cholesterol
from the blood stream transporting it to the liver
Too much cholesterol in the blood can cause a build-up inside the arteries
Neither HDL or LDL are good or bad, that’s just how the world makes
them seem
Saturated fats are found in many animal products and raise LDL levels
(not heart healthy)
Unsaturated fats raise HDL levels (heart healthy)
Unblocking Blood Vessels (4.4)
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There are three ways to unblock blood vessels: stenting, angioplasty,
coronary heart by pass
Place balloon in blocked artery, blow up balloon to move plaque to side of
arteries, and then remove catheter and balloon
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Place closed stent on balloon, insert catheter with balloon, blow up balloon
and pull out balloon in catheter and leave in stent
 Coronary artery bypass- A surgical bypass operation performed to shunt
blood around an obstruction in a coronary artery that involves grafting one
end of a segment of vein removed from another part of the body into the aorta
and the other end into the coronary artery beyond the obstructed area to
allow for increased blood flow
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