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Diversity of Organisms • 5 to 30 million species estimated Axolotl Organisms alive today descended from earlier species • Fossils – Remains of previous forms – Record of life’s history • Life on Earth – Single cell organisms for 3.5 billion years – Abundant multicellular life for 500 million years Evolution • Change is species over time • Organisms alive today descended from older organisms • Evidence is overwhelming Organization of the Living World • System to deal with millions of species • An organism belongs to a unique species Bird’s nest fungi Organization of the Living World • Species designated by a scientific name – Binomial nomenclature – two part name – Developed by Carolus Linnaeus – Example: Homo sapiens • Homo = genus name • sapiens = species name Classification • System to organize life • Classification System – Genus = closely related species – Family = closely related genera Classification System Largest Level • • • • • • • • Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Smallest Level Methods of Classification • Common ancestry is basis for classification • Taxonomy = science of classifying organisms • Systematics – Study of diversity of organisms – Based on evolutionary relationships Domains of Life • Archaea • Bacteria • Eukarya Cell Types of Organisms • Prokaryote – No membrane bound organelles – Genetic material found in a nucleoid • Eukaryote – Membrane bound organelles – Genetic material in a nucleus Archaea • • • • • Originally thought to be bacteria Live in extreme habitats Do not cause disease Prokaryotic Unicellular Bacteria • • • • Found nearly everywhere Some cause disease Prokaryotic Unicellular Eukarya • Unicellular or Multicellular • Eukaryotic cells • Divided into at least four kingdoms – – – – Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Kingdom Protista • Mostly single cell organisms • May actually be up to 20 kingdoms • Gave rise to other eukaryotes Kingdom Fungi • Most are multicellular • Absorptive heterotrophs • Most are saprophites Diversity of Organisms • 5 to 30 million species estimated Axolotl Organisms alive today descended from earlier species • Fossils – Remains of previous forms – Record of life’s history • Life on Earth – Single cell organisms for 3.5 billion years – Abundant multicellular life for 500 million years Evolution • Change is species over time • Organisms alive today descended from older organisms • Evidence is overwhelming Organization of the Living World • System to deal with millions of species • An organism belongs to a unique species Bird’s nest fungi Organization of the Living World • Species designated by a scientific name – Binomial nomenclature – two part name – Developed by Carolus Linnaeus – Example: Homo sapiens • Homo = genus name • sapiens = species name Classification • System to organize life • Classification System – Genus = closely related species – Family = closely related genera Classification System Largest Level • • • • • • • • Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Smallest Level Methods of Classification • Common ancestry is basis for classification • Taxonomy = science of classifying organisms • Systematics – Study of diversity of organisms – Based on evolutionary relationships Domains of Life • Archaea • Bacteria • Eukarya Cell Types of Organisms • Prokaryote – No membrane bound organelles – Genetic material found in a nucleoid • Eukaryote – Membrane bound organelles – Genetic material in a nucleus Archaea • • • • • Originally thought to be bacteria Live in extreme habitats Do not cause disease Prokaryotic Unicellular Bacteria • • • • Found nearly everywhere Some cause disease Prokaryotic Unicellular Eukarya • Unicellular or Multicellular • Eukaryotic cells • Divided into at least four kingdoms – – – – Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Kingdom Protista • Mostly single cell organisms • May actually be up to 20 kingdoms • Gave rise to other eukaryotes Kingdom Fungi • Most are multicellular • Absorptive heterotrophs • Most are saprophites Kingdom Plantae • Multicellular • Photosynthetic autotrophs Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular • Heterotrophs
