Download Document

Expanding Horizons,
1400-1750 C.E.
Early Explorations
Early Explorations
● What is an exploration?
Early Explorations
● In the 1400s, European explorers began to cross the Earth’s oceans
in search of better trade routes to Asia.
● These explorers had several motives for their explorations,
including:
o Gold (to become wealthy)
o Glory (to become famous)
o God (to spread Christianity)
● Over the course of the next 250 years, these explorers would carry
out expeditions that would forever change the way in which
people experienced the world.
Early Explorations
● By the 1400s, European kingdoms, including Spain and Portugal,
desired to find an all-water trade route to Asia.
● The overland route had become complex and unreliable - The
Process:
o Indian and Chinese merchants sold spices to Arab Merchants.
o Arab merchants shipped the cargoes overland to European traders in Venice.
o However, in the 1300s, the Mongol Empire began to lose control of the
overland trade routes, and chaos ensured for for traders along the silk road.
o European kingdoms needed to find an all water trade route to access spices
from India and China.
Early Explorations
● Why were spices (pepper, cinnamon, and nutmeg) so important to
the Europeans?
o Spices were used to:
 flavor and preserve meat, for perfumes, for cosmetics, and
for medicines.
● Renaissance ideals of humanism and individualism also played an
important role in motivating Europeans to cross the world’s great
oceans - the individual was now capable of achieving the
impossible.
Early Explorations
● We have discussed many motivations that inspired early explorers to sail the
oceans in search of all-water routes to Asia during the fifteenth century.
However, these motivations would have remained simply ideas if it was not for
the new developments made in seafaring technology the preceding centuries.
o
o
o
o
The Compass: The compass had been developed by Chinese scientists (as early as 250
B.C.E.), explorers used the compass to determine direction.
The Astrolabe: In the 1100s, Arab astronomers had developed the astrolabe, an
instrument used to determine the altitude of the sun. This instrument could help
explorers determine the latitude at which their ship lay.
Cartography (Map Making): By the 1300s, cartographers had developed accurate maps
of the Mediterranean coastline and other European coastlines.
The Caravel: In the 1400s, a new ship model was developed known as the caravel.
The caravel was:



65 feet in length
Can carry 130 tons
Fitted with cannons and rifles
The Compass
The Astrolabe
Cartography
The Caravel
Summary
Who: ___________________________________
What: __________________________________
When: __________________________________
Where: _________________________________
How/Why: ______________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
Portuguese & Spanish Explorers
Portuguese & Spanish Explorers
● The Portuguese were the first European kingdom to explore the seas in
search of an all-water route to India.
● The Portuguese explorers were determined to sail around Africa and into
the Indian Ocean to access Indian and Chinese markets.
● The Portuguese Explorers:
o Prince Henry the Navigator:


Assembled a team of mapmakers, mathematicians, and astronomers to improve
navigational technology for Portuguese sailors.
Sponsored (funded) the explorations of many of Portugal’s explorers.
o Bartolomeu Dias:


Portuguese explorer that proved explorers can reach East Asia (India and China)
by sailing around Africa.
In 1488, Dias discovered the southern tip of Africa, which was named the Cape of
Good Hope.
Prince Henry the Navigator
Bartolomeu Dias
Portuguese & Spanish Explorers
●
The Portuguese Explorers:
o Vasco da Gama:




In 1497, Vasco da Gama led an expedition that sailed from Portugal to Calicut,
India.
The first man to discover an all-water route to East Asia.
The voyage took da Gama 10 months to complete. When he arrived in India, he
found Hindus and Muslims trading silk, porcelain, and spices.
However, da Gama was unable to convince the Indians to establish a trade
relationship with the Portuguese.
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese & Spanish Explorers
● The Spanish Explorers:
o Christopher Columbus:






In 1492, the King and Queen of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella, sponsored (funded)
an expedition led by Christopher Columbus to find an new all-water route to East
Asia (The Portuguese sailed to the east, Columbus wanted to sail west; remember
nobody knew that North and South America existed)
The king and queen were eager to compete against Portugal in the race to
establish trading posts in East Asia that would increase the wealth of their
kingdom.
In August 1492, Columbus left Spain with three ships to discover an all-water
route to East Asia.
In October of 1492, Columbus and his crew landed in the Bahamas (a group of
islands in the Caribbean sea of North America).
Columbus, believing that he had landed on an Indian island, called the people he
encountered “Indians.”
Columbus spent three months exploring the Bahama Islands, the island of
Portuguese & Spanish Explorers
● The Spanish Explorers:
o Christopher Columbus: (continued)





Although Columbus did find gold, he could not find any evidence of an advanced
East Asian civilization (such as India or China).
However, Columbus’ voyage provided him with the glory he desired, the King and
Queen of Spain awarded Columbus with the title “Admiral of the Ocean Sea,
Viceroy and Governor of the Islands he hath discovered in the Indies.”
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, like Columbus, were convinced that the
Spanish had found an all-water route to East Asia.
Columbus returned to the Americas three more times during his life, and died
convinced that he had found a new all-water route to East Asia.
In 1507, an Italian explorer named Amerigo Vespucci became the first man to
argue that Columbus had not discovered an all-water route to East Asia, but
rather, a “New World” (North and South America).
Christopher Columbus
Portuguese & Spanish Explorers
● The Spanish Explorers:
o Ferdinand Magellan:
 In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan set sail from Spain to find the allwater route to East Asia that Columbus failed to discover.
 Magellan’s expedition included five ships and 260 men.
 Magellan and his expedition sailed to South America and tried to
find a water passage that would allow them to cross the continent
- in this venture they failed.
 When the expedition reached the southern tip of South America,
they did discover a water passage, which was named the Strait of
Magellan.
● Two ships were lost crossing the strait.
Portuguese & Spanish Explorers
● The Spanish Explorers:
o Ferdinand Magellan: (continued)

Magellan and his three remaining ships continued to expedition and sailed into a
calm body of water that Magellan renamed the Pacific Ocean.

Magellan crossed the Pacific Ocean and landed in the Philippines.
●
●
●
By the time they landed in the Philippines, Magellan’s crew was starving and
without food or water, several had already died.
While in the Philippines, Magellan was killed by a native tribe.
Following his death, his crew escaped the Philippines and continued the
expedition.
Portuguese & Spanish Explorers
● The Spanish Explorers:
o Ferdinand Magellan: (continued)



In 1522, after three years at sea, 18 survivors of the expedition returned to Spain
with one ship left.
Financially the expedition was a complete failure.
However, many great accomplishments were made by Magellan and his crew.
● For the first time, a group of sailors completed a circumnavigation of the
Earth.
● Magellan and his crew proved that:
o the world was round and much larger than anybody believed.
o the world’s oceans were connected.
o that Christopher Columbus’ did in fact discover a new landmass.
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese & Spanish Explorers
● Portugal and Spain Claim Empires:
o By 1493, Spain and Portugal had both “discovered” and claimed ownership of
lands in Africa, and North and South America.
o Both kingdoms wanted to protect their land claims, therefore, they asked the
Roman Catholic pope to resolve the issue.
o In 1493, Pope Alexander VI created the line of demarcation, an imaginary
line that ran down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean from the North Pole to
the South Pole.


Spain was to have control of all lands west of the line.
Portugal was to have control of all lands east of the line.
o However, Portugal was not satisfied with the pope’s line, and in 1494 a new
agreement was made between Portugal and Spain, The Treaty of Tordesillas.
The treaty moved the line farther west, dividing South America between
Portugal (present-day Brazil) and Spain (all other present-day South American
nations).
Pope Alexander VI’s Line of Demarcation (1493)
& The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
Summary
Who: ___________________________________
What: __________________________________
When: __________________________________
Where: _________________________________
How/Why: ______________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
Overseas Empires
Overseas Empires - Portugal
● The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the continents of Africa, Asia,
and North and South America between Spain and Portugal.
● The primary goal of both Spain and Portugal was to gain wealth by
trading with non-European civilizations, or establishing colonies in
which the “mother-country” would have direct control over the
production and sale of goods.
● Portugal was not interested in establishing colonies, rather, they
concentrated their efforts on building and controlling trade
networks in Asia and Africa.
Overseas Empires - Portugal
● By 1500 C.E., Portugal had gained control of the Indian Ocean trade routes,
created naval bases throughout the Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, and Southeast
Asia.
● In 1500 C.E., Portugal did establish one colony in South America, Brazil.
● Brazil would soon become Portugal’s most prized possession. Portuguese settlers
in Brazil grew income-producing crops, including sugarcane, tobacco, coffee, and
cotton.
● To supply Brazil’s labor needs, the Portuguese began transporting enslaved people
from Africa to farm Brazilian plantations.
Portugal’s Colonial Empire
Overseas Empires - Spain
● Unlike the Portuguese, the Spanish were more interested in
establishing colonies throughout North and South America.
● The Spanish were successful in this goal. In the 1500s, Spanish
conquistadors began exploring new lands in North and South
America to gain glory, wealth, and spread Christianity among the
native populations.
Overseas Empires - Spain
● The Spanish Conquistadors:
o Hernan Cortes:
 In 1519 C.E., Cortes landed in present-day Mexico with 600
soldiers, 16 horses, and a few cannons.
 Upon his arrival, Cortes was told of the riches and glory of
the Aztec Empire, located in central Mexico.
 Cortes and his men went to the capital of the Aztec
Empire, Tenochtitlan, and were greeted by the Aztecs as
gods.
● This was the first time the Aztec people ever saw
horses, Europeans, armor, guns, etc.
Cortes & the Aztecs
Overseas Empires - Spain
● The Spanish Conquistadors:
o Hernan Cortes: (continued)
 Cortes desired to conquer the Aztec Empire. He wanted to
gain glory, gain wealth, and convert the Aztecs to
Christianity.
 After three years of fighting, Cortes’ 600 conquistadors
killed thousands of Aztecs and conquered the city of
Tenochtitlan.
 Those who were not killed by the sword, died from diseases
brought to the New World from Europe by the
conquistadors.
Cortes & the Aztecs
Overseas Empires - Spain
● The Spanish Conquistadors:
o Francisco Pizarro:
 In 1532 C.E., another Spanish conquistador named Pizarro
landed in present-day Peru, the location of the Inca
Empire.
 Like Cortes, Pizarro and his men were motivated by the
“Three G’s” - Gold, Glory, and God. Also, like the Aztecs,
the Inca Empire contained vast wealth in gold.
 Pizarro and his men captured the Inca emperor, Atahualpa,
and held him for ransom (gold).
 In the process of their invasion, Pizarro killed Atahualpa,
thousands of Incas, and conquered the once great Inca
Pizarro & the Incas
Summary
Who: ___________________________________
What: __________________________________
When: __________________________________
Where: _________________________________
How/Why: ______________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
Spain’s Colonial Empire
Spain’s Colonial Empire
● By the 1600s C.E., Spanish conquistadors had conquered much of
North America and South America.
● The rulers of Spain (the Spanish monarchs), had to create a new
administrative system to govern their newly acquired colonial
empire across the Atlantic Ocean in the New World.
● Therefore, the Spanish monarch created a new position - the
viceroy. The viceroy served as a royal representative in the New
World.
Viceroyalties of Spain
Spain’s Colonial Empire
● Spain’s Primary Goals for their American Empire:
o Gain Wealth:



Plantations: Spanish settlers created plantations (vast farming estates) to
grow sugarcane (also known as haciendas).
Mining: Spanish settlers claimed mines and forced laborers to mine for
silver or gold.
The Encomienda System: A system in which Spanish monarchs granted
Spanish settlers with land in the New World, and the right to use the
Native American population living on the land as a labor force (slavery).
o Spread Christianity:


Missions: Spanish priests created missions in the New World, places were
Native Americans could live, work, and adapt to European ways.
Most importantly, the mission was a place in which the Native American
could convert to Christianity.
Spanish Hacienda
Spain’s Colonial Empire
● The results of Spanish Colonization of the New World for the Native
American and African civilizations.
o Using superior technology, the Spanish conquistadors were able to
conquer the Aztec and Inca Empires.
o The Native Americans who survived the initial conquests were forced
to work as laborers on the estates/plantations of Spanish settlers.

Some Spanish priests, such as Bartolome de Las Casas, spoke out against
the mistreatment of Native Americans, but real reforms never occurred.
Spain’s Colonial Empire
● The results of Spanish Colonization of the New World for the Native
American and African civilizations.
o During the first 50 years of the Spanish settlement in the New World,
millions of Native Americans perished from diseases introduced to
them from Europe.
o As a result of the decline of the Native American labor force, the
Spanish began importing enslaved African Americans to the New
World to work in their plantations and mines.
o The combination of Spanish, Native American, and African culture
would create an entirely new culture in North and South America.
Summary
Who: ___________________________________
What: __________________________________
When: __________________________________
Where: _________________________________
How/Why: ______________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
Dutch, French, and English Colonial Empires
in the New World
Dutch, French, and English Colonial Empires
in the New World
● Although the Spanish and Portuguese made claims to foreign lands
in Africa, Asia, and the Americas, other European nations wanted
to explore the New World and establish colonies to increase their
wealth.
● The Dutch (Netherlands):
o The Dutch East India Company: In 1602, the Dutch established the
Dutch East India Company, an organization that oversaw Dutch
trading in East Asia.
 Sugar, spices, coffee, and tea.
o By 1641, the Dutch had established a strong presence in East Asia.
Dutch, French, and English Colonial Empires
in the New World
● The Dutch (Netherlands): (continued)
o The Dutch West Indies Company: A company formed in 1621
to establish colonies in the Americas.
 The company founded the trading city of New Amsterdam
(New York City) and the colony of New Netherland (New
York).
● Henry Hudson was the Dutch explorer who claimed this
land for the Dutch West Indies Company.
The Dutch Colonial Empire
Dutch, French, and English Colonial Empires
in the New World
● The French:
o French Explorations:




Jacques Cartier (1534): Tried to find a Northwest Passage through
Canada to Asia (Sailed through the St. Lawrence River and founded the
city of Montreal), although he was unsuccessful, he did claim most of
eastern Canada for France.
Samuel de Champlain (1608): Founded the city of Quebec, the first
permanent French settlement in the Americas.
Jacques Marquette & Louis Joliet (1673): Explored the Mississippi River
Valley.
Robert Cavelier: Claimed all of the land surrounding the Mississippi River
for France.
o The French traded with Native Americans for furs, fish, animal skins,
and lumber. French missionaries also converted N.A. to Christianity.
The French Colonial Empire
Dutch, French, and English Colonial Empires
in the New World
● England:
o English Explorations & Colonial Settlements:




John Cabot (1497): Explored the coast of present-day Newfoundland.
The English East India Company (1600): Oversaw English trade in India
and Southeast Asia.
Jamestown (1607): The first successful English settlement in the
Americas.
Plymouth (1620): An English settlement established by Pilgrims in
present-day Massachusetts.
o By the 1600s and 1700s, the English had colonized the majority of the
eastern coast of the North American continent.
o In the northern colonies, colonists established small farms. In the
southern colonies, colonists established large plantations.
Dutch, French, and English Colonial
Empires in the New World
● England: (continued)
o Like the Spanish and Portuguese, the English colonists used
enslaved African Americans to farm their plantations.
o The English king was technically in charge of all of the English
colonies and similar to the Spanish, sent governors to oversee
the colonies in his place.
o Like the Spanish, the English had to remove Native Americans
from their lands to establish permanent settlements.
o Native Americans who did not perish in combat, died as a result
of starvation and European diseases.
The English Colonial Empire
Summary
Who: ___________________________________
What: __________________________________
When: __________________________________
Where: _________________________________
How/Why: ______________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
The Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
● By the 1600s, all European nations were using enslaved African Americans to work
on farms, plantations, and mines.
● The slave trade led to the development of the Triangular Trade between Europe,
Africa, and the Americas.
o
o
o
o
Europe: European ships left their nation carrying manufactured goods (weapons,
clothes, furniture, rum, etc.).
Africa: In West Africa, the ship captains traded their goods in exchange for enslaved
African Americans.
The Americas (North America, South America, the Caribbean islands): Ship captains
stopped in the various American ports, sold enslaved African Americans, and used the
money they earned to buy sugar, molasses, cotton, and tobacco.
Europe: The ship captains returned to Europe to sell the goods (raw materials) they
purchased in the Americas.
The Triangular Trade
The Slave Trade
● The Middle Passage:
o The experienced endured by enslaved African Americans on their
voyage from West Africa to the Americas is known as the Middle
Passage.
o What did slaves experience on the Middle Passage?



Slaves were packed into cargo holds and chained together, prohibiting
slaves from being able to stand up or lie down.
The cargo holds were dark and extremely hot - many slaves died from
suffocation or disease on the journey.
Historians estimate that 10 to 24 million enslaved African Americans
were transported to the Americas during this time period.
●
1 out of every 5 enslaved African Americans died on the Middle Passage.
The Middle Passage
The Slave Trade
● Life as a Slave:
o Once enslaved individuals arrived in the Americas, they were
sold by ship captains at slave auctions.
o Most African Americans were sold to work as laborers:
 These laborers would work long hours, in extreme
temperatures to perform the following duties: clearing land,
hoeing, planting, weeding, and harvesting.
 Many African American laborers lived very short lives.
 Southern plantation owners viewed African Americans as
property - not human beings.
The Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
Summary
Who: ___________________________________
What: __________________________________
When: __________________________________
Where: _________________________________
How/Why: ______________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
A New World
A New World
●
The Age of Exploration led to the creation of an entirely new global economy among the
empires of Europe.
●
The search for wealth by European explorers led to the development of modern capitalism an economic system that still exists throughout the world to this very day.
●
The Commercial Revolution: By the 1600s, the European nation-state (i.e., England, Spain,
Portugal, France, etc.) had become the center of the European economy.
o European nations competed against each other for control of markets and trade goods.
o New business methods were created for investing money; increasing the flow of
wealth, and reducing risks in business practices.
The Commercial Revolution
A New World
● New Business Methods:
o The Bank:


During the 1500s, sea explorations were funded by powerful European banking
families, who accepted deposits, loaned money, and transferred funds over long
distances (i.e., The Medici Family of Florence).
However, by the 1600s, European governments replaced these families with
government chartered banks. These banks accepted deposits, charged interest on
loans, issued banknotes and checks, and exchanged currencies.
o The Joint-Stock Company:


During the age of exploration and colonialism, many individuals started to
partner together and form joint-stock companies to fund business models (a sea
trading voyage). Each individual in the company would buy stock (shares) in a
business model (a sea trading voyage), in order to minimize the risks associated
with a trading voyage (losing all of your money as the only investor).
Some joint-stock companies were sponsored by governments (i.e., The Dutch
East India Company).
A New World
● Increase in Money
o The individuals who led this change in the business model were known as
entrepreneurs.
o Entrepreneurs combined money, ideas, rat materials, and labor to make
goods and profits.
o Many of these entrepreneurs established businesses based on the trade with
colonies in the Americas, Asia, or Africa.
o For example, a typical entrepreneur in the textile industry would buy cotton
(raw material) from the Americas, pay individuals to spin, weave, dye, and
turn the raw material into a manufactured good - cloth. The entrepreneur
would sell these goods in their nation, in their nation’s colonies and trading
posts, and make a great profit - increasing the supply of money.
A New World
● Mercantilism
o During the Age of Exploration, a new national economic policy known as
mercantilism was developed and adopted by all European nation-states.
o The theory simply stated that a nation’s power was dependent upon the
nation’s wealth. The goal of every nation was to become as wealthy as
possible.
o A nation’s wealth was measured in bullion - gold and silver.
o Every country’s goal was to create a favorable balance of trade, a situation
in which they exported more goods than they imported.
o The most important method used to create a favorable balance of trade was
by establishing a colonial empire to provide the mother-country with raw
materials and markets for manufactured goods.
Mercantilism
Mercantilism
A New World
● The Columbian Exchange:
o The greatest consequence of the Age of Exploration was the Columbian
Exchange - the exchange of people, goods, technology, ideas, and diseases
between civilizations and people throughout the global world.

(i.e., Europeans (Europe) and Native Americans (North & South America).
o The Columbian Exchange forever changed the way Europeans experienced
life.



Europeans introduced Native Americans to wheat, grapes, livestock, horses, new
languages, Christianity, and diseases.
Native Americans introduced Europeans to corn, potatoes, tomatoes, beans,
chocolate, and diseases.
Asians and Africans introduced Europeans and native Americans to bananas,
coffee, tea, sugarcane, ivory, perfumes, silks, gems, and diseases.
The Columbian Exchange
A New World
● Long-Term Consequences of the Columbian Exchange:
o Population Growth:


Newly discovered crops, such as the potato, allowed Europe to feed its
growing population.
Corn, a Native American crop, helped support the growing populations in
Asia and Africa.
o Cultural Diffusion:


The new trade routes not only supported the growth of the economy, but
the movement of people and cultures from continent to continent.
New languages & the spread of Christianity.
o The negative Consequences of the Columbian Exchange:


The decline of Native American populations in the Americas
The slave trade
Summary
Who: ___________________________________
What: __________________________________
When: __________________________________
Where: _________________________________
How/Why: ______________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________