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The CounterReformation Counter-Reformation • In response to the spread of Protestantism and many Catholics dissatisfaction with the state of the Catholic church, a series of reforms occurred called the CounterReformation Catholic Reformers • Girolamo Savonarola – a Catholic monk who preached that Catholic churches should melt down their gold and silver ornaments to buy bread for the poor. • Jesuits – a group founded by Ignatius of Loyola that concentrated on education and establishing missions and universities. Catholic Reformers • Charles Borromeo – archbishop of Milan, built a new school for priests • Francis of Sales – worked to return the district of Savoy in France to Catholicism. The Council of Trent • In 1545 Pope Paul III convened the Council of Trent • Over 18 years the Council of Trent made many changes to the Catholic church – Regulated the training of priests – Worked to stop the financial abuses of the church – Abolished the sale of indulgences – Renounced Protestants and their belief in selfdiscipline and individual faith Women in the Church • Before the 1500’s women in the church lived in secluded convents. • In the 1500’s many nuns began to help the poor and sick. • Teresa of Avila – thought the rules of her convent were too lax, so she made her own strict rules. Persecution • Starting in 1492 Jews and Muslims in Spain were forced to convert to Christianity or leave Spain. • Across Europe people feared witchcraft and thousands of “witches” were put to death between 1580 and 1660. Religious Wars • The Italian Wars – a series of wars involving Spain, France, and the Italian city states. • In 1527 the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V took Rome. • The Italian Wars are another big reason why the Renaissance spread throughout Europe. Religious Wars • The Reformation caused peasants in Germany to demand more freedom and power. This led to a rebellion known as the Peasants’ War where the nobles suppressed the uprising. • Martin Luther was blamed for the uprising since he started the Reformation, but even Luther was against the peasants who would “rob and rage and act like mad dogs” Religious Wars • In 1546 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V began a war against the Lutheran princes of Germany. • In 1555 the Peace of Augsburg was signed that ended the war. • This agreement allowed each prince in Germany to choose the religion that his subjects would practice. Religious Wars • In France a minority group of Protestants called Huguenots fought against the Catholics. • The fighting ended when Huguenot leader Henry of Navarre became Catholic. • Henry became King of France and in 1598 issued the Edict of Nantes which granted religious freedom to Protestants. Effects of the CounterReformation • A renewed zeal for the Catholic church which spread to North America. • The divide between Catholics and Protestants grew • Persecution of all religions by leaders in some places. More religious tolerance in others.